The Senate

Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton argues for a strong, independent Senate as a necessary check on popular passions in the proposed government.

The Judges

The Senate and the judiciary are discussed as co-equal branches with overlapping roles in impeachment and constitutional interpretation.

XXVIII: The Same Subject Continued (The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered)

Referenced indirectly as part of the national government.

Federalist No. 29: Concerning the Militia

Implied as part of the federal legislature that would deliberate on militia establishment.

XXXII: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)

Implied in the discussion of legislative consent for state duties on imports and exports.

XXXIII: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)

Part of the national legislature referenced implicitly in the context of legislative power.

XXXV: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)

Mentioned in the context of state legislatures, comparing representation of moderate proprietors.

XXXIX: The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles

Discussed as deriving powers from states as coequal societies, representing the federal aspect.

XL: On the Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained

Mentioned as one branch of the new government appointed by state legislatures.

XLIII: The Same Subject Continued (The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered)

Referenced regarding the exception for equal suffrage as a safeguard for state sovereignty.

XLIV: Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States

Referenced in the context of state legislatures' role in electing Senators.

XLVII: The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts

Mentioned as a branch of the legislature with judicial and executive roles in various state constitutions.

LIII: The Same Subject Continued (The House of Representatives)

Mentioned in relation to the House, noting that less informed members may fall into snares laid by the Senate.

LV: The Total Number of the House of Representatives

Mentioned as a potential source of corruption through appointments, but dismissed as improbable.

LVIII: Objection That the Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands

Mentioned as the branch representing states, potentially opposing augmentation but subject to House influence.

LIX: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members

Mentioned in comparison: state legislatures appoint senators, but the risk to the Union is less due to staggered terms and small size.

LX: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members)

Mentioned as a branch whose composition by state legislatures makes it immune to federal manipulation of elections.

LXII: The Senate

The subject of the chapter, analyzed for its qualifications, appointment, representation, and term.

LXIII: The Senate Continued

The subject of the chapter, discussed as a stable legislative body.

LXIV: The Powers of the Senate

The body whose powers are being defended; Jay argues for its composition, stability, and role in providing advice and consent for treaties.

LXV: The Powers of the Senate Continued

Designated as the court for impeachment trials, praised for its dignity and independence.

LXVI: Objections to the Power of the Senate to Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered

The body under scrutiny, proposed as the court for impeachments; its powers and potential biases are debated.

LXVII: The Executive Department

Mentioned as the body that advises and consents on appointments and whose recess triggers temporary presidential appointments.

LXVIII: The Mode of Electing the President

Mentioned as the body that selects the Vice-President in case of no majority, and whose presiding officer is the Vice-President.

The Real Character of the Executive

Mentioned as the body whose advice and consent is required for treaties and appointments, providing a check on presidential power.

LXX: The Executive Department Further Considered

Referenced indirectly in the context of councils and legislative bodies, though not directly named.

LXXI: The Duration in Office of the Executive

Mentioned indirectly as part of the legislative body that might encroach on executive power.

LXXIII: The Provision for the Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power

Part of the legislature that, along with the House, would be subject to the presidential veto.

LXXV: The Treaty-Making Power of the Executive

Described as the body that, with the President, holds the treaty-making power; its composition and voting rules are analyzed.

LXXVI: The Appointing Power of the Executive

The body whose advice and consent is required for appointments, and whose integrity and independence are defended against potential executive corruption.

LXXVII: The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered

Key role in appointments by consenting to nominations and in treaties, providing stability and restraint on the Executive.

LXXVIII: The Judiciary Department

Part of the legislative branch; mentioned in context of checks on judicial appointments.

LXXIX: The Judiciary Continued

Tries impeachments of judges for malconduct.

LXXXI: The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority

Proposed as the court for trial of impeachments, providing a check on the judiciary.

LXXXIV: Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered

Mentioned in context of treaty and appointment powers.

LXXXV: Concluding Remarks

Implied in the discussion of the national government's structure and amendment process.

Endnotes

Mentioned in the endnotes in relation to the trial of impeachments and the legislative process.