The Text of the Federalist
The collective pseudonym under which the Federalist essays were written and published.
The Federalist Papers
The collective pseudonym used by the authors to address the public and argue for ratification.
General Introduction
The authorial voice addressing the people of New York, advocating for the ratification of the Constitution.
II: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence
The authorial voice, addressing the people of New York on the necessity of union.
III: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence)
The authorial voice presenting the argument for union as a defense against foreign dangers.
IV: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence)
The authorial voice arguing for the necessity of union and a strong national government to ensure national security.
V: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence)
The authorial voice presenting the argument for union.
VI: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York to warn of dangers from dissensions between the states.
VII: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States)
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York.
VIII: The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States
The authorial voice presenting the argument for union and warning against disunion.
IX: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection
Author of the paper, presenting arguments for the Union as a safeguard against faction.
X: The Same Subject Continued (The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection)
The collective pseudonym under which this essay was published, addressing the people of New York.
XI: The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy
Author of the essay, advocating for union to secure commercial and naval advantages.
XII: The Utility of the Union in Respect to Revenue
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York.
XIII: Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government
Author of the essay, presenting the economic argument for union.
XIV: Objections to the Proposed Constitution from Extent of Territory Answered
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York and defending the proposed Constitution against objections based on the extent of territory.
XV: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
The authorial voice addressing the people of New York, arguing for the necessity of a stronger union.
XVI: The Same Subject Continued (The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union)
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York.
XVII: The Same Subject Continued (The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union)
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York and defending the proposed Constitution against objections of federal overreach.
XVIII: The Same Subject Continued (The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union)
Author of the essay, presenting historical analysis to argue for a stronger union.
XIX: The Same Subject Continued (The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union)
The authorial voice presenting the argument against confederacies, using the Germanic empire as a case study.
The Same Subject Continued (The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union)
The collective author presenting the argument against the insufficiency of the Confederation.
XXI: Other Defects of the Present Confederation
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York.
XXII: The Same Subject Continued (Other Defects of the Present Confederation)
The authorial voice presenting the argument for a stronger national government.
XXIII: The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York to advocate for ratification.
XXIV: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered
Author of the essay, arguing for the necessity of legislative discretion over military forces.
XXV: The Same Subject Continued (The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered)
The authorial voice presenting the argument for federal control of defense and against restrictions on standing armies.
XXVI: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York on the necessity of legislative discretion in military matters.
XXVII: The Same Subject Continued (The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered)
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York and defending the Constitution against objections.
XXVIII: The Same Subject Continued (The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered)
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York.
Federalist No. 29: Concerning the Militia
The authorial voice defending the Constitution's militia provisions.
XXX: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York on the necessity of federal taxation.
The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
The authorial voice presenting the argument for an indefinite federal power of taxation.
XXXII: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
The authorial voice presenting the argument for concurrent state taxation powers.
XXXIII: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
Author of the essay, arguing for the necessity of the challenged clauses.
XXXIV: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
The authorial voice presenting the argument for concurrent taxation jurisdiction.
XXXV: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York on the necessity of an indefinite power of taxation.
XXXVI: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
The authorial voice throughout the chapter, presenting the argument for federal taxation.
XXXVII: Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government
The authorial voice addressing the people of New York, urging a fair and thorough examination of the Constitution.
The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed
The authorial voice systematically refutes the scattered objections to the Constitution and defends the necessity of the new plan.
XXXIX: The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles
Author of the essay, presenting the argument for the Constitution's republican conformity.
XL: On the Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained
Collective author addressing the people of New York.
General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution
The authorial voice presenting a systematic defense of the Constitution's powers.
XLII: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered
Author of the essay, writing as Publius to argue for ratification.
XLIII: The Same Subject Continued (The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered)
The authorial voice presenting the argument for the Constitution's provisions.
XLIV: Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States
Author of the chapter, presenting the final arguments for the Constitution's restrictions on state authority.
XLV: The Alleged Danger from the Powers of the Union to the State Governments
The authorial voice presenting the argument that the Union is essential and state governments are not endangered.
XLVI: The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared
The collective pseudonym under which this Federalist Paper is published.
XLVII: The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts
The collective pseudonym under which this essay was published.
XLVIII: These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other
Author of the essay, arguing for constitutional controls between departments.
Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention
Author of the essay, writing as Publius to address the people of New York.
Periodical Appeals to the People Considered
Author of the essay, presenting arguments against periodic appeals.
Federalist No. 51: The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments
The collective pseudonym under which the essay is published, addressing the people of New York.
LII: The House of Representatives
Author of the essay, writing as Publius to address the people of New York.
LIII: The Same Subject Continued (The House of Representatives)
The authorial voice arguing for biennial elections and the necessity of experienced representatives.
LIV: The Apportionment of Members Among the States
Author of the essay, presenting the reasoning for the apportionment rule.
LV: The Total Number of the House of Representatives
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York on the size of the House of Representatives.
LVI: The Same Subject Continued (The Total Number of the House of Representatives)
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York to defend the House of Representatives' size.
LVII: The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with Representation
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York.
LVIII: Objection That the Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands
The collective author addressing the objection about the number of representatives.
LIX: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members
Author of the essay, arguing for the necessity of federal oversight of elections to preserve the Union.
LX: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members)
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York and defending the Constitution.
LXI: The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members)
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York.
LXII: The Senate
Collective pseudonym under which Madison argues for the Senate's necessity.
LXIII: The Senate Continued
Author of the essay, presenting arguments for the Senate's utility and stability.
LXIV: The Powers of the Senate
The authorial voice, arguing for the necessity and wisdom of the treaty-making power as vested in the President and Senate.
LXV: The Powers of the Senate Continued
Author of the essay, arguing for the Senate's role in impeachments.
LXVI: Objections to the Power of the Senate to Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered
The authorial voice presenting the defense of the Senate's role in impeachments.
LXVII: The Executive Department
Author of the essay, defending the executive branch and refuting misrepresentations.
LXVIII: The Mode of Electing the President
Author of the essay, defending the mode of electing the President.
The Real Character of the Executive
The authorial voice analyzing and defending the executive powers under the proposed Constitution.
LXX: The Executive Department Further Considered
The authorial voice arguing for a single, energetic executive.
LXXI: The Duration in Office of the Executive
Author of the essay, arguing for a four-year executive term.
LXXII: The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered
The authorial voice presenting the argument for re-eligibility of the executive.
LXXIII: The Provision for the Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power
Author of the Federalist Papers, arguing for the executive's independence and veto power.
LXXIV: The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive
Author of the essay, presenting arguments for executive military command and pardoning power.
LXXV: The Treaty-Making Power of the Executive
Author of the essay, arguing for the treaty-making power as shared between the President and Senate.
LXXVI: The Appointing Power of the Executive
The authorial voice presenting the argument for the appointing power of the executive.
LXXVII: The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered
The authorial voice presenting the argument for the executive appointment process and defending the Constitution.
LXXVIII: The Judiciary Department
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York on the judiciary department.
LXXIX: The Judiciary Continued
Author of the essay, addressing the people of New York on judicial independence.
LXXX: The Powers of the Judiciary
Author of the essay, presenting the argument for the federal judiciary's powers.
LXXXI: The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority
The authorial voice arguing for the proposed judicial structure.
LXXXII: The Judiciary Continued
Author of the essay, presenting the argument for concurrent jurisdiction and appellate structure.
LXXXIII: The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury
Author of the essay, addressing objections to the Constitution regarding trial by jury in civil cases.
LXXXIV: Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered
Author of the essay, addressing objections to the Constitution.
LXXXV: Concluding Remarks
The collective author addressing the people of New York, reflecting on the completion of the series.
Endnotes
Publius provides numerous annotations and cross-references throughout the endnotes, clarifying points made in the main essays.
