The English Constitution · Theme
Social Class and Deference
How The English Constitution develops Social Class and Deference.
Bagehot explores how the English political system historically relied on the deference of lower and middle classes to aristocratic and wealthy 'betters,' a dynamic that shaped elections, representation, and the social prestige of the nobility.
Where it surfaces
- Introduction
The chapter discusses the relationship between aristocracy and plutocracy, the worship of rank, and the danger of class conflict in the face of democratic expansion.
- I
The monarchy is portrayed as the apex of society, providing a visible head that attracts deference and unites the nation.
- The House of Lords
The chapter explores how the nobility commands respect from the common people, serving as a 'symbol of mind' and preserving social order against the 'religion of gold.'
- The House of Commons
The chapter discusses the overrepresentation of the landed gentry in Parliament and their influence on legislation, such as the Cattle Plague Act, reflecting class-based power.
- VII: The Prerequisites of Cabinet Government, and the Peculiar Form Which They Have Assumed in England
The chapter introduces the concept of 'deferential nations,' where the numerical majority willingly abdicates its power to a select educated minority. England is presented as the prime example, with the middle classes as the despotic power and the aristocracy providing a 'theatrical show' that commands obedience.
- VII: Its History, and the Effects of That History—Conclusion
Implicitly referenced through the discussion of the 'pagan part of human nature' and the obstinacy of freemen, as well as the role of local elites in early parliaments.