The English Constitution · Chapters

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Chapter companions for The English Constitution by Walter Bagehot.

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Chapter 1
Introduction to the Second Edition
In the introduction to the second edition, Bagehot reflects on the changes in the English Constitution since the first edition, particularly the expansion of the electorate and the shift in political power. He discusses the evolving role of the House of Commons, the diminishing influence of the House of Lords, and the impact of public opinion on governance. Bagehot also examines the American political system as a contrast, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of presidential versus cabinet government. He addresses the challenges of democratic governance, the importance of deference and social hierarchy, and the need for efficient administration. The introduction serves as a critical update to his earlier analysis, incorporating recent events and trends.
Chapter 2
I
Bagehot argues that the monarchy's value lies in its intelligibility, its religious sanctification of the political order, and its role as the head of society. He contrasts the dignified, symbolic function of the Crown with the efficient, working parts of government, and illustrates how a hereditary monarch appeals to the imagination and emotions of the people, thereby strengthening the entire constitution.
Chapter 3
II
This chapter examines the practical functions of a constitutional monarch within a Cabinet government, comparing the existing royal form with a hypothetical unroyal system where the House of Commons directly appoints the Premier. It explores the sovereign's role at the beginning, during, and at the end of an administration, and discusses the challenges of party leadership, the qualities of hereditary monarchs versus elected ministers, and the difficulties of three-party politics.
Chapter 4
The English Constitution
Bagehot introduces his analysis of the English Constitution, distinguishing between its dignified and efficient parts, and setting the stage for a comparative study of political systems.
Chapter 5
I: The Cabinet
Bagehot contrasts Cabinet (Parliamentary) and Presidential systems, arguing that Cabinet government provides superior statesmen, flexibility in crises, and a 'reserve of power' for emergencies. He introduces the distinction between the 'dignified' parts of a constitution (which attract reverence and loyalty) and the 'efficient' parts (which do the actual work of governing). He criticizes Presidential systems for their rigidity, weakened executive and legislative powers, and inability to adapt quickly to changing circumstances, using the American Civil War and the Crimean crisis as examples.

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Introduction to the Second Edition

I

II

The English Constitution

I: The Cabinet