Nationalism and International Peace

Addresses the struggle for national self-determination against alien rule, while also opposing militarism and the use of force, advocating for a world order where liberty and cooperation replace aggression and domination.

The chapter explores the tension between national self-determination and the complexity of group identities, advocating for autonomy while recognizing the need for historical and practical judgment.

The chapter argues that as the world becomes free, the use of force becomes meaningless, linking the spread of liberty to the possibility of international peace.

Gladstone's international principles—rejecting reasons of state in favor of human conscience, championing justice for oppressed nations (e.g., Greece, Armenia, Ireland), and opposing the Opium War—illustrate this theme.

Explores the tension between national self-government and internationalism, proposing a model of democratic alliance and the International State.