Historical Cyclicality and Human Nature

Where it surfaces

• Book I

  Machiavelli describes the cycle of regimes (monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, and their corrupt forms) and argues that human nature remains constant, making history a source of political lessons.

• Of the various kinds of government; and to which of them the Roman commonwealth belonged.

  Machiavelli describes the cycle of governments—monarchy to tyranny to aristocracy to oligarchy to democracy to anarchy and back—as a natural pattern driven by human passions.

• III

  The assumption that all men are bad and will act on evil inclinations when unrestrained, a constant in human nature.

• Chapter VI: Whether it was possible in Rome to contrive such a government as would have composed the differences between the commons and the senate

  The discussion of Sparta and Venice shows how republics that avoid expansion eventually decline, reflecting the cyclical rise and fall of states due to inherent human and political dynamics.

• Chapter X

  Machiavelli uses the pattern of good and bad emperors to show how history repeats: adoption brought good rulers, hereditary succession brought ruin, illustrating cyclical decline.

• Chapter XXVIII: Whence it came that the Romans were less ungrateful to their citizens than were the Athenians.

  Machiavelli suggests that the behavior of republics is shaped by their historical experiences, implying a cyclical pattern where past oppression leads to future harshness.

• XXXVII

  The chapter reflects on how human ambition and insatiable desires lead to cycles of prosperity and adversity, war and peace, and the rise and fall of states.

• XXXIX

  Machiavelli argues that the same desires and passions recur in all nations, making past events a guide to future ones.

• LVI

  The recurrence of signs before disasters suggests a pattern in human affairs.

• I

  The pattern of rising powers and the miscalculations of distant states (e.g., Carthaginians, Gauls) illustrates recurring human errors in assessing threats.

• Chapter IV

  Observes that the same methods (leagues, subjection) have always produced the same results, and modern states ignore ancient examples to their detriment.

• V

  Machiavelli argues that the world periodically purges itself through floods, plagues, and famines, leading to a cycle of oblivion and renewal, which erases the memory of past events.

• Why certain nations leave their ancestral seats and overflow the countries of others.

  Machiavelli describes recurring patterns of mass migration and conquest, from the Gauls to the Goths, showing how human nature and material conditions repeat across history.

• XVI

  Machiavelli contrasts ancient military methods with modern practices, suggesting that the decline in discipline is a recurring pattern in history.

• Chapter XIX

  The pattern of conquest leading to corruption and decline is illustrated through Roman and contemporary examples.

• XXII

  The repeated pattern of men being misled by false hopes and deceptive appearances, as seen in both the Latin and the Papal examples.

• XXIX

  The Romans' fall from past glory to utter disorder illustrates the cyclical pattern of rise and decline shaped by Fortune and human folly.

• Book III

  Machiavelli argues that states must periodically return to their founding principles to avoid decay, reflecting the cyclical nature of political life.

• Chapter I: The Necessity of Renewal in Republics and Sects

  The chapter argues that all states and sects must be periodically renewed to avoid decay, reflecting a cyclical view of history where corruption necessitates a return to origins.

• Why it is that changes from freedom to servitude, and from servitude to freedom, are sometimes made without bloodshed, but at other times reek with blood.

  The chapter reflects on recurring patterns in political change, noting that the nature of a government's origin determines the violence of its fall.

• VIII

  Machiavelli notes that a state must be periodically reinforced by good examples or returned to its beginnings to avoid corruption, reflecting cyclical views of political decay.

• That a captain cannot escape battle when his enemy forces it on him at all risks

  Machiavelli repeatedly notes that moderns have deviated from ancient military methods, yet the same strategic dilemmas recur across eras.

• XLIII

  Machiavelli asserts that human events repeat because men's passions and dispositions remain the same across ages.