The Romans

I: Of the Produce of Land Which Always Affords Rent

Referenced in the context of ancient agriculture and the value of vineyards.

First Sort

Discussed in context of their high prices for rare birds and fishes during their greatest grandeur, and their wheat pricing policies in Sicily.

Book III: Of the different progress of opulence in different nations

Referenced as a historical example of economic and political development.

II: Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the Ancient State of Europe After the Fall of the Roman Empire

The Romans are referenced as having enjoyed opulence under their empire, which was lost after the barbarian invasions.

Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, After the Fall of the Roman Empire

Referenced as the empire whose fall led to the conditions described.

I: Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or Commonwealth

Mentioned in relation to the fall of the Roman empire and the subsequent barbarous governments of Europe.

I: Of the Expense of Defence

Mentioned for their military evolution, including paid armies after the siege of Veii and the Campus Martius exercises.

Of the Expense of Justice

Their empire's fall led to European governments founded by German and Scythian nations.

Article II: Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Education of Youth

Ancient Roman republics similarly cited for maintaining martial spirit through public education in military exercises.

Article III: Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Instruction of People of All Ages

Referenced in the context of the clergy's historical power and the fall of the Roman Empire.

II: Of the Sources of the General or Public Revenue of the Society

Mentioned as having taxed salt in ancient times.

I: Of the Funds or Sources of Revenue Which May Peculiarly Belong to the Sovereign or Commonwealth

Mentioned in the context of ancient republics using public land rent for revenue.

Taxes Upon the Profit of Particular Employments

Implied in the reference to ancient poll-taxes on bondmen common all over Europe.

Appendix to Articles I and II

Referenced for the Vicesima Hereditatum tax on inheritances.

Article IV: Taxes Which, It Is Intended, Should Fall Indifferently Upon Every Different Species of Revenue

Referenced as an example of an ancient civilization that taxed salt.

Of Public Debts

Cited as an example of debasing coinage after the first Punic war to pay debts with a fraction of what was owed.