The Proprietors

The Chinese

The Chinese have a professional relationship with the proprietors, likely involving land or business ownership.

Silver

Silver and the proprietors engage in economic transactions and property-related dealings.

Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities

Landlords who withdraw land when rent component of price falls below natural rate.

X: Of Wages and Profit in the Different Employments of Labour and Stock

Landlords and farmers in the country; they are disadvantaged relative to townsmen by regulations that favor urban industry.

II: Inequalities Occasioned by the Policy of Europe

Proprietors in the countryside whose industry is less advantageous compared to towns.

Of the Rent of Land

Identified as the first order of society, living by rent; their interest is strictly connected with the general interest, but their indolence often makes them ignorant of public regulations.

Conclusion of the Chapter

Landlords whose revenue comes from rent; their interest aligns with society but they are often ignorant and indolent.

I: Of the Division of Stock

Implied as owners of profitable buildings and land improvements that yield rent.

I: Of the Natural Progress of Opulence

Landowners who benefit from the proximity of towns, gaining higher prices for their produce.

Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, After the Fall of the Roman Empire

Described as living in fortified castles after the fall of the Roman Empire.

How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country

Great proprietors who consumed surplus produce through rustic hospitality and maintained retainers before commerce.

III: Of the Advantages Which Europe Has Derived from the Discovery of America, and from That of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope

The shopkeepers and traders of England who petitioned Parliament to secure the monopoly of colonial custom, acting as the driving force behind the mercantile regulations.

VIII: Conclusion of the Mercantile System

Landlords and farmers whose interest in wool and hides is discussed in relation to price regulations.

Chapter IX: Of the Agricultural Systems, or of Those Systems of Political Œconomy, Which Represent the Produce of Land as Either the Sole or the Principal Source of the Revenue and Wealth of Every Country

Landowners who receive rent and are part of the productive class in the agricultural system.

I: Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or Commonwealth

Described as indifferent stewards and sovereigns of the East India Company, prioritizing their own interests over good governance.

Of the Public Works and Institutions Which Are Necessary for Facilitating Particular Branches of Commerce

Criticized for their indifference to the prosperity of the empire and their focus on personal influence and plunder.

Taxes Upon the Rent of Houses

Referred to as owners of ground-rents who act as monopolists and would bear the burden of a tax on ground-rents.

Taxes Upon Profit, or Upon the Revenue Arising from Stock

Landowners who may bear the final burden of taxes on farming stock through reduced rent.