Counterrevolution and Civil War

Where it surfaces

• Other Organisations

  Organizations like the Union of Officers and the White Guards formed to combat the revolutionary forces, presaging the civil war.

• II: The Coming Storm

  The Kornilov revolt and fears of a new counterrevolutionary coup, along with warnings of civil war, permeate the chapter, as both sides prepare for possible armed conflict.

• IV: The Fall of the Provisional Government

  The chapter foreshadows civil conflict with references to troops marching against Petrograd, the formation of opposition groups, and the tense standoff on the Nevsky.

• V: Plunging Ahead

  Formation of the Committee for Salvation and calls for coalition signal the beginning of organized opposition.

• The Committee for Salvation

  Kaledin's march north, Kerensky's counteroffensive, and the formation of Committees for Salvation signal the onset of organized armed resistance to the Bolshevik uprising.

• VII: The Revolutionary Front

  Kerensky's military advance, Kaledin's actions in the Don, and the Moscow uprising signal the onset of armed resistance against the Bolshevik seizure of power.

• Counterrevolution

  The chapter details the armed resistance to Bolshevik rule, including the Committee for Salvation's conspiracy, the Moscow uprising, and the battle at Pulkovo.

• IX: Victory

  Civil war erupts across Russia, with fighting in Moscow, Kazan, and other cities, and Kerensky's counteroffensive at Gatchina.

• Moscow

  The chapter details the armed conflict in Moscow, including the bombardment of the Kremlin and the surrender of White Guards, highlighting the violent struggle between Bolsheviks and their opponents.

• Appendix to Chapter I

  The demands from the Conference of Business Men in October 1917, including the suppression of soldier committees and the return of conservative officers, foreshadow the organized counterrevolutionary efforts that would lead to civil war.

• Growing Arrogance of the Reactionaries

  The chapter highlights the growing confidence and demands of reactionary forces, including calls to restore monarchy, suppress political propaganda, and reestablish officer authority, signaling the buildup to counterrevolutionary action.

• Chapter 1

  The Kornilov revolt is a key counterrevolutionary event that foreshadows the broader civil war, with Kerensky's actions contributing to the crisis.

• Trotsky’s Speech at the Council of the Russian Republic

  Trotsky warns of counterrevolutionary conspiracies and accuses the government of provoking a peasants' revolt and civil war.

• Russian Soldiers in France

  The violent suppression of the mutiny, including artillery bombardment and mass executions, foreshadows the brutal conflicts of the coming civil war.

• The British Fleet (etc.)

  The reception of General Gurko, a reactionary figure, by the British monarchy highlights foreign sympathy for counterrevolutionary elements.

• Appeals Against Insurrection

  Both appeals frame any Bolshevik-led demonstration as a provocation that would unleash counterrevolutionary forces and civil war.

• Appendix to Chapter III

  The Central Army Committee's appeal warns that any violent attempt to depose the Provisional Government will be considered a counterrevolutionary act and repressed by force, foreshadowing the impending civil war.

• The Bourgeois Press on the Bolsheviki

  The newspapers accuse the Bolsheviks of inciting civil war and anarchy, and call for the government to take repressive measures against them.

• Appeal Against Insurrection

  The committee warns that any violent demonstration to depose the government will be considered a counterrevolutionary act and repressed by force, directly invoking the threat of civil war.

• Appendix to Chapter IV

  Kerensky's flight and attempts to rally military support foreshadow the coming civil war, as the old regime's forces fragment and the Bolsheviks move to secure power.

• Events of November 7th

  The armed confrontation between government forces and Bolshevik-aligned Red Guards and soldiers marks the onset of open conflict.

• Kerensky in Flight

  Kerensky's efforts to organize resistance against the Bolsheviks mark the early stages of counterrevolutionary mobilization.

• 4: Rape of the Women's Battalion

  Sensational stories about the Women's Battalion were used by anti-Bolshevik press and the City Duma to fuel opposition and delegitimize the Bolshevik government.

• Appeals and Proclamations

  The call to arrest officers who do not support the Revolution and the targeting of Kornilov's conspiracy highlight the immediate threat of counterrevolutionary forces.

• Appendix to Chapter VI

  The S.R. appeal warns of counter-revolutionists exploiting the Bolshevik 'adventure' and calls for readiness to act, foreshadowing the civil war.

• Appeals and Denunciations

  The SR appeal warns of counterrevolutionists exploiting the Bolshevik 'adventure,' while the Bolsheviks frame Kerensky as a counterrevolutionary figure akin to Kornilov.

• Appendix to Chapter VII

  The press decree targets counterrevolutionary publications, while the strike fund shows organized bourgeois resistance, foreshadowing civil conflict.

• Two Decrees

  The Decree on the Press targets counterrevolutionary newspapers, framing them as weapons of the bourgeoisie.

• Appendix to Chapter VIII

  Kerensky's advance and the Bolshevik response highlight the ongoing civil conflict and the struggle to suppress counterrevolutionary forces.

• Kerensky's Advance

  Kerensky's military advance and the Vikzhel's efforts to halt civil war highlight the escalating conflict.

• Proclamations of the Military Revolutionary Committee

  The proclamations explicitly frame Kerensky's march as a counterrevolutionary threat, calling for its 'pitiless' crushing and mobilizing support against the 'Kornilovtsi led by Kerensky.'

• Order No. 2

  The order frames liquor distribution as a bourgeois tactic to incite dissatisfaction, highlighting fears of counterrevolutionary activity.

• Appendix to Chapter IX

  The appendix details the military clashes between Kerensky's counterrevolutionary forces and the Bolsheviks, including the battle at Tsarskoye Selo and the pursuit of Kerensky's troops.

• Military Revolutionary Committee. Bulletin No. 2

  The chapter describes the armed conflict between Kerensky's counterrevolutionary forces and the revolutionary troops, highlighting the early stages of the civil war.

• Events of the 13th in Petrograd

  The proposed arrest of Kerensky, Krasnov, and Savinkov, and the ongoing hostilities, underscore the civil war dynamics.

• 3: Truce. Krasnov’s Answer to the Committee for Salvation

  Krasnov's response represents the Provisional Government's military countermove against the Bolshevik insurrection, setting the stage for armed conflict.

• Events at Tsarskoye Selo

  The religious procession supporting the Provisional Government and the violent response from Red Guards reflect the early clashes of the civil war.

• 5: Appeal of the Soviet Government

  The appeal directly addresses counterrevolutionary forces, calling on them to lay down arms and join the victorious revolution.

• Appendix to Chapter X

  The damage to the Kremlin and the defensive tone of Lunatcharsky's declaration highlight the violent clashes and the threat of counterrevolution during the Moscow uprising.

• Damage to the Kremlin

  The damage to the Kremlin reflects the violent clashes between Bolshevik forces and their opponents during the Moscow Uprising.

• Appendix to Chapter XI

  Purishkevitch's letter and the suppression of wine pogroms illustrate the Bolsheviks' struggle against internal enemies.

• Wine "Pogroms"

  The wine riots were seen as a counterrevolutionary tactic by the Cadets to provoke chaos and weaken the Bolshevik government.

• Purishkevitch's Letter to Kaledin

  Purishkevitch's letter outlines plans for an armed uprising against the Bolsheviks, reflecting the early organization of counterrevolutionary forces.

• Two Proclamations

  Lenin warns of sabotage and resistance from capitalists and Kornilovists, urging pitiless suppression of counterrevolutionary acts.

• From the Council of People’s Commissars to the Toiling Cossacks

  The document directly addresses the armed revolts of Kaledin, Dutov, and others, calling for decisive action against them.

• Appeals to the Front Against Dukhonin

  The chapter focuses on the Bolsheviks' struggle against counterrevolutionary generals and former ministers gathering at the Stavka to undermine Soviet power.

• From Krylenko

  The order explicitly targets Dukhonin for actions that could provoke a new civil war, framing opposition as counterrevolutionary.