Individual vs. Society

Elena and Insarov defy societal expectations—class, nationality, and family duty—to pursue their personal convictions, facing gossip, scandal, and ostracism from Moscow society.

Shubin's critique of social conventions and his focus on personal artistic expression contrast with Bersenyev's more philosophical and self-effacing outlook.

Bersenyev's pursuit of a professorship represents a socially sanctioned path, while Shubin's artistic temperament chafes against societal expectations and personal relationships.

Elena's solitary struggle and her desire for active well-doing set her apart from her family and society's expectations.

Shubin feels isolated and misunderstood because of his artistic nature, contrasting with societal expectations of sincerity and depth.