Leadership and Strategy

Where it surfaces

• Congress of the Peloponnesian Confederacy at Lacedaemon

  Archidamus advocates strategic patience and financial preparation, contrasting with Sthenelaidas' call for immediate action.

• IV

  Themistocles' foresight in fortifying Piraeus and advocating naval power contrasts with Spartan strategic missteps at Ithome.

• Second Congress at Lacedaemon: Preparations for War and Diplomatic Skirmishes

  Corinthian speech outlines strategic arguments for war, including naval buildup and exploiting Athenian weaknesses.

• Book II

  Pericles' strategic vision of avoiding land battles and relying on naval power and the Long Walls is tested by the plague and public discontent.

• VI

  Archidamus emphasizes discipline, vigilance, and the unpredictability of war, while Pericles demonstrates strategic foresight in refusing negotiations and delivering a morale-boosting oration.

• VII

  Pericles' policy during the plague, Phormio's naval positioning, and the Athenian generals' decision to capitulate at Potidaea highlight strategic choices under duress.

• VIII

  Phormio's decision to protect Naupactus over aiding the Acarnanians, and Cnemus's flawed three-division march on Stratus, illustrate the challenges of command and tactical planning.

• IX

  Both sides display strategic calculations: the Mitylenians argue that supporting their revolt will weaken Athens by depriving it of revenue and allies; Athens responds by rapidly mobilizing a large fleet to deter Spartan intervention.

• XI

  Contrasts the cautious approach of Nicias at Melos with the more aggressive operations of Demosthenes and Laches in western Greece and Sicily.

• Book IV

  Contrasting leadership styles are on display: Demosthenes' defensive ingenuity, Cleon's aggressive demagoguery, and Brasidas' diplomatic and military acumen.

• Chapter XII

  Cleon's aggressive leadership and the Athenian strategic decision to reject peace despite holding a strong position.

• XIII

  Hermocrates' diplomatic leadership in uniting Sicily and Nicias' strategic command at Cythera demonstrate effective leadership in war and peace.

• XIV: Eighth and Ninth Years of the War — Invasion of Boeotia — Fall of Amphipolis — Brilliant Successes of Brasidas

  Brasidas' persuasive diplomacy and Pagondas' tactical use of cavalry at Delium exemplify strategic leadership in war.

• The Peace of Nicias and the End of the First War

  The contrasting motivations of leaders like Nicias (seeking to secure his reputation through peace) and the deceased Cleon and Brasidas (who opposed peace for personal gain) highlight how individual leadership shapes strategic decisions.

• XVI

  Contrasts the cautious, peace-oriented leadership of Nicias with the ambitious, manipulative strategy of Alcibiades; also examines Agis' military decisions and the Spartan response to internal dissent.

• Book VI

  The contrasting strategies of Nicias (caution), Alcibiades (ambition), and Lamachus (aggression) highlight the challenges of command in the Athenian democracy.

• XVIII

  Nicias and Alcibiades present opposing strategic visions for the Sicilian expedition, debating the necessary scale of forces and the nature of the enemy.

• XIX

  The chapter contrasts the strategic proposals of Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus, highlighting different approaches to command and decision-making in the face of uncertainty.

• XX

  The Athenian generals devise a stratagem to draw the Syracusans out of their city, and Alcibiades advises the Spartans on how to counter Athenian ambitions.

• Book VII

  The contrasting leadership of Nicias (cautious, indecisive) and Demosthenes (aggressive but unlucky) against the decisive Gylippus highlights the role of command in military outcomes.

• Chapter XXI

  Gylippus and Hermocrates demonstrate strategic leadership by encouraging the Syracusans to engage the Athenians at sea, while the Athenian commanders Charicles and Demosthenes execute coordinated operations.

• XXII

  The chapter highlights the contrasting strategic visions of Nicias and Demosthenes, and the consequences of indecision in military command.

• The Final Catastrophe

  Nicias and Demosthenes struggle to command a demoralized army, while Gylippus and Hermocrates effectively coordinate the Syracusan defense and pursuit.

• Nineteenth and twentieth years of the war — Revolt of Ionia — Intervention of Persia — The War in Ionia

  Phrynichus' prudent retreat contrasts with the aggressive plans of others, highlighting different strategic approaches in crisis.

• Intrigues and Oligarchic Conspiracies

  Alcibiades' strategic advice to Tissaphernes to let the Greeks wear each other out demonstrates cunning statecraft, while Pisander's political maneuvering in Athens shows tactical leadership.

• XXVI

  Alcibiades' strategic restraint in preventing the fleet from sailing to Piraeus and his use of rhetoric to control both Athenians and Tissaphernes demonstrate his leadership.

• Plans

  The chapter focuses on military planning and tactical formations, highlighting the strategic decisions of commanders in key battles.