Hebraism vs. Hellenism

A major theme contrasting two forces: Hebraism, emphasizing strictness of conscience, duty, and moral action, with Hellenism, emphasizing spontaneity of consciousness, clear thinking, and the pursuit of intellectual and aesthetic perfection.

Central theme of the chapter: Arnold defines and contrasts Hebraism (conduct, obedience, self-conquest) and Hellenism (clear intelligence, seeing things as they really are) as two forces shaping human development.

Central contrast of the chapter: Hebraism's focus on strictness of conscience and action versus Hellenism's spontaneity of consciousness and free play of thought.

Arnold contrasts the mechanical, action-oriented Hebraism of both religious and liberal practitioners with the reflective, consciousness-driven Hellenism that seeks to understand the intelligible law of things.

Arnold contrasts the Hebraistic, rule-bound approach of Nonconformists (e.g., Mr. Spurgeon) with the Hellenistic ideal of free thought and reason, arguing for the latter in political and religious reform.