10
Collectively referenced as the milieu where the subtle and crafty dealing with the problem of 'the real and the apparent world' is taking place.
Chapter 11
Portrayed as recipients of German philosophy's influence, with noble idlers, mystics, and obscurantists finding in it an antidote to sensualism.
Chapter 22
Implied as the modern souls with democratic instincts to whom the physicists' interpretation makes concessions.
II: The Free Spirit
Referenced as the context where the term 'free spirit' is currently abused by a narrow, prepossessed class of 'levellers' who champion democratic taste and modern ideas.
Chapter 32
Implied as the audience and subjects of the modern 'suspicion' and 'new self-consciousness' that challenges intention-morality.
Chapter 38
Described as the 'noble and visionary spectators' who, from a distance, projected their own indignation and enthusiasm onto the Revolution, obscuring its reality.
Chapter 44
Mentioned as the location where the term 'free spirit' is currently abused by a class of democratic levelers.
Faith
Referenced via the 'French Revolution' as the culmination of the slave insurrection driven by a hatred of noble skepticism toward suffering.
The Old Testament and the Scale of Man
Criticized for their audacity in binding the Old and New Testaments together, committing a 'sin against the Spirit,' and for being 'slender, tame house-animals' compared to the old Asiatic spirit.
53
Collectively represent the subject of the analysis, whose religious instinct is growing yet rejecting traditional theistic concepts.
Chapter 58
Implied through the critique of modern, time-engrossing laboriousness as a European phenomenon preparing for widespread 'unbelief'.
The Tyranny of Morals and the Discipline of Freedom
The European spirit is the primary subject, having been shaped and strengthened through centuries of severe intellectual and moral discipline.
189
Referenced as the collective subject experiencing the most Christian period where the sublimation of impulse into love occurred.
The Herd Instinct and the Need for Command
Described as possessing a herd-instinct of obedience; the commanding class suffers moral hypocrisy, while the gregarious man glorifies gentle, herd-useful virtues.
The Gregarious Morality of Fear
Their collective conscience is diagnosed as being governed by the 'imperative of the timidity of the herd,' seeking a future with nothing to fear, which they call 'progress.'
Chapter 202
The primary subject of the critique, embodying the 'herd-animal morality' and its democratic, socialist, and anarchist expressions.
The Philosopher of the Future and the Danger of Degeneration
Implicitly referenced as the bearers of 'Christo-European morality,' which is part of the dangerous ideological landscape obscuring humanity's fate.
VI: We Scholars
Collectively diagnosed with skepticism and paralysis of will, with national variations in strength of will analyzed.
The Geography of Will and the Skeptic's Sedative
Portrayed as suffering from a skeptical, will-paralyzing sickness due to racial and class blending.
The New Warlike Age and German Skepticism
Described as entering a new warlike age; were formerly under the dominion of the German spirit and its critical skepticism, and held an outdated, weak conception of German character.
VII: Our Virtues
Addressed as the entity being warned about the 'disenchantment' and 'tediousness' of woman, and the danger of modern ideas.
Our Virtues?
Addressed as 'we Europeans of the day after tomorrow,' characterized by dangerous curiosity, multifariousness, art of disguising, and mellow cruelty.
The Motley Morality of Modern Man
Implied as the 'modern men' subject to this complicated, multi-sourced moral determination.
Chapter 222
Described as undergoing a century-long process of 'overshadowing and uglifying,' with modern sympathy as a key symptom.
The Hybrid European and the Carnival of Costumes
Described as hybrid, ugly plebeians who desperately try on and discard historical costumes (styles, morals, beliefs) in a futile search for identity.
The Historical Sense
Claim the historical sense as their specialty, described as modern souls and semi-barbarians due to democratic mingling.
Beyond Pleasure and Pain
Context for the modern philosophical trends (hedonism, utilitarianism) that are being critiqued as naive.
227
Implied as part of the 'aging civilization' with a 'dull gloomy seriousness' that the narrator's honest glance may overspread.
239
Addressed directly in the final paragraph as being seduced by a dangerous 'idea' (modern emancipation) that leads to stupidity and disenchantment.
Chapter 241
Referenced as 'good Europeans' who overcome atavistic patriotism. The narrator speculates on different European races' speeds of digesting nationalistic sentiments to return to reason and Europeanism.
242
The collective subject undergoing a vast physiological process of assimilation and detachment from hereditary conditions, evolving towards a supernational, nomadic, and highly adaptable species.
Chapter 243
Specifically 'good Europeans' are called upon to lead the way in this progressive movement.
What Europe Owes to the Jews
The recipients of this Jewish moral legacy; their culture's 'evening sky' glows with the alluring and exquisite elements derived from it.
Chapter 253
The middle-class region of European taste is depicted as succumbing to the influence of mediocre English ideas, leading to a general depression of intelligence.
IX: What Is Noble?
Their ordinary consciousness is criticized for being unwilling to accept that exploitation is a primary organic function of life and will to power. They 'rave' about future societies without exploitation.
259
Their ordinary consciousness is critiqued as unwilling to accept that exploitation is a fundamental organic function and consequence of the Will to Power.
Master-Morality and Slave-Morality
Credited with the invention of love as a passion, a specialty of noble origin attributed to the Provençal poet-cavaliers.
The Instinct for Rank and the Test of Reverence
Present as the collective subject whose manners have been shaped by the Christian discipline of reverence.
267
Explicitly named as the subjects of the critique for their 'self-dwarfing' nature.
On the Value of Sympathy and the Master's Nature
Described as exhibiting a 'sickly irritability and sensitiveness towards pain' and a 'cult of suffering.'
