Empiricism and the Primacy of Impressions

Where it surfaces

• A Treatise of Human Nature

  The chapter's introduction establishes the foundational premise that all knowledge derives from experience, beginning with the distinction between lively impressions and their fainter copies, ideas.

• Book I: Of the Understanding

  Hume establishes that all ideas derive from impressions, grounding knowledge in sensory experience.

• Part I: Of Ideas, Their Origin, Composition, Connection, Abstraction, etc.

  Hume establishes that all ideas are derived from impressions, emphasizing the empirical basis of thought.

• Section I: Of the Origin of Our Ideas

  Hume establishes that all simple ideas originate from simple impressions, emphasizing the foundational role of sensory experience.

• Section II: Division of the Subject

  Hume asserts that simple impressions are prior to ideas, and that impressions of reflection derive from prior ideas of sensation.

• Section III: Of the Ideas of the Memory and Imagination

  Hume grounds memory and imagination in impressions, asserting that all ideas are derived from prior impressions.

• Section V: Of Relations

  The classification of relations is grounded in empirical observation and the comparison of objects.

• Section VI: Of Modes and Substances

  Hume asks whether the idea of substance comes from impressions of sensation or reflection, and concludes it cannot, thus denying any distinct idea of substance.

• Section VII: Of Abstract Ideas

  Hume grounds his argument in the principle that all ideas are copies of impressions, emphasizing their particularity and dependence on sensory experience.

• Part II: Of the Ideas of Space and Time

  Hume grounds the ideas of space and time in impressions, arguing that they are derived from the manner in which objects appear to us, rather than being innate or abstract concepts.

• Section I: Of the Infinite Divisibility of Our Ideas of Space and Time

  Hume grounds his argument in the limits of sensory impressions and the idea of a minimum perceptible, emphasizing empirical observation.

• Section II: Of the Infinite Divisibility of Space and Time

  Hume grounds his argument in the idea that our concepts must be derived from clear and distinct impressions, and that what we cannot conceive cannot be possible.

• Section III: Of the Other Qualities of Our Idea of Space and Time

  Hume applies the principle that all ideas derive from impressions to the ideas of space and time, arguing that they are copies of sensory impressions.

• Section V: The Same Subject Continued

  Hume argues that all ideas must be derived from impressions, and since no impression of a vacuum or time without change exists, these ideas are fictitious.

• Section VI: Of the Idea of Existence, and of External Existence

  Hume applies the principle that every idea arises from a similar impression to the ideas of existence and external existence, concluding that existence is not a distinct impression but identical with the perception.

• Part III: Of Knowledge and Probability

  The chapter grounds knowledge in impressions and ideas, emphasizing the role of experience in forming beliefs.

• Section I: Of Knowledge

  Hume asserts that all ideas are copied from impressions, thereby rejecting the notion of abstract or obscure ideas and grounding knowledge in sensory experience.

• Section II: Of Probability, and of the Idea of Cause and Effect

  Hume insists that the idea of causation must be traced to its originating impression, and he examines contiguity, succession, and necessary connection as candidates.

• Section IV: Of the Component Parts of Our Reasonings Concerning Cause and Effect

  Hume emphasizes that all causal reasoning must be grounded in impressions from memory or senses, otherwise it lacks foundation.

• Section V: Of the Impressions of the Senses and Memory

  Hume asserts that all simple ideas derive from impressions, and that memory and imagination both borrow from them.

• Section VI: Of the Inference from the Impression to the Idea

  Hume grounds causal inference in sensory impressions and remembered experiences, rejecting any a priori basis.

• Section VII: Of the Nature of the Idea or Belief

  Hume grounds belief in the force and vivacity derived from impressions, emphasizing the empirical basis of all ideas.

• Section VIII: Of the Causes of Belief

  The chapter emphasizes the role of present impressions in enlivening ideas and producing belief, highlighting the empirical basis of knowledge.

• Section XIV: Of the Idea of Necessary Connection

  Hume insists that the idea of power must be derived from impressions, not from reason or innate ideas.

• Section V: Of the Immateriality of the Soul

  Hume applies the principle that all ideas derive from impressions to argue that we have no idea of substance, as there is no corresponding impression.

• Section VI: Of Personal Identity

  Hume argues that the idea of self cannot be derived from any impression, as no impression is constant and invariable, thus undermining the notion of a simple self.

• Book II: Of the Passions

  Hume grounds his analysis of the passions in his foundational empiricist framework, classifying them as impressions of reflection and thus tracing them back to original impressions.

• Part I: Of Pride and Humility

  Hume grounds his analysis in the direct experience of impressions, treating pride and humility as simple impressions that are known through introspection.

• Section I: Division of the Subject

  Hume's division of impressions into original and secondary underscores the empirical foundation of all perceptions, with original impressions arising from sensory experience.

• Section I: Of Liberty and Necessity

  Hume grounds the idea of necessity in the constant union of objects and the inference of the mind, both derived from experience and impression.

• Section VII: Of Contiguity and Distance in Space and Time

  Hume's analysis of how distance weakens ideas is grounded in the principle that ideas derive from impressions, and the vivacity of ideas is tied to their proximity to impressions.

• Endnotes

  Hume clarifies his use of 'impression' and 'idea', distinguishing his terminology from Locke's and emphasizing the role of impressions as lively perceptions.