What Is to Be Done? · Chapters

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Chapter companions for What Is to Be Done? by Nikolay Chernyshevsky.

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Chapter 1
What Is to Be Done?
The chapter introduces the central philosophical and practical question of the novel, setting the stage for the characters' struggles against societal constraints and their pursuit of rational egoism, personal freedom, and social reform.
Chapter 2
A Vital Question
This chapter presents a philosophical and ideological discussion centered on a 'vital question' concerning the nature of human motivation, self-interest, and the possibility of altruism within a rational framework. It explores the tension between egoism and the desire for the common good, setting the stage for the characters' ethical and social dilemmas.
Chapter 3
A Fool
The chapter opens on July 23, 1856, at a Petersburg hotel where a mysterious guest has checked in, locked his door, and cannot be roused. After breaking in, the room is found empty with a note stating he will leave at 11 PM and be heard of on the Liteinaïa bridge between 2 and 3 AM. A pistol shot was heard on the bridge during the night, but no body is found. The hotel staff and police debate whether it was a suicide or a prank, ultimately concluding the act—whether real or staged—was that of a fool.
Chapter 4
II: The First Consequences of the Fool’s Deed
Vera Pavlovna receives a letter from Lopukhof announcing his departure and apparent suicide, believing he has sacrificed himself for her happiness with Kirsanov. Overcome with guilt, she resolves to leave Petersburg and part from Kirsanov forever, though a passionate farewell kiss reveals the depth of her anguish.
Chapter 5
III: Preface
The author directly addresses the reader, explaining his narrative approach and defending the truthfulness of his story. He admits to lacking artistic talent but insists that the value of the work lies in its honesty. He criticizes the public's lack of discernment and reveals that the story will end happily without theatrical embellishments.

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What Is to Be Done?

A Vital Question

A Fool

II: The First Consequences of the Fool’s Deed

III: Preface