The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism · Chapters

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Chapter companions for The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism by Bertrand Russell.

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Chapter 1
The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism
Russell analyzes the Bolshevik regime, contrasting its theoretical foundations with its practical realities, including industrial collapse, peasant suffering, and the dictatorship's methods.
Chapter 2
Part I: The Present Condition of Russia
Russell describes the dire state of Russia under Bolshevik rule, focusing on industrial collapse, peasant food shortages, and the oppressive atmosphere in Moscow. He critiques the Bolsheviks' materialist conception of history and their suppression of democracy, while noting the fanaticism and cruelty that pervade the regime.
Chapter 3
I: What Is Hoped from Bolshevism
Russell examines Bolshevism as a new religion of hope, contrasting its idealistic promises with the grim realities in Russia. He argues that fanatical belief in any creed leads to cruelty and warns that the Bolshevik methods, though aiming at a just society, may produce chaos and destruction. He distinguishes between factors due to war, Russian character, and essential Bolshevik philosophy, and stresses the need to minimize violence in the transition to socialism.
Chapter 4
General Characteristics
Russell contrasts the Western socialist understanding of Bolshevik theory with its literal application in Russia, describing the fanatical dedication and ruthlessness of the Communist Party. He draws historical parallels to Cromwell's Puritans and Plato's Republic, analyzes the international revolutionary aims of the Third International, and reflects on the nationalist sentiment bolstered by the Polish war, as seen in Trotsky's public appearance.
Chapter 5
III: Lenin, Trotsky and Gorky
Russell recounts his conversations with Lenin, Trotsky, and Gorky, offering contrasting portraits of the Bolshevik leaders. He describes Lenin as a dictatorial, theory-driven figure with a religious faith in Marxism, who dismisses democratic processes and advocates for world revolution. Trotsky impresses Russell with his intelligence and magnetic personality, while Gorky, ill and heartbroken, appeals for sympathy for Russia's suffering. Russell reflects on the dangers of fanatical belief and the incompatibility of such faith with liberty.

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The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism

Part I: The Present Condition of Russia

I: What Is Hoped from Bolshevism

General Characteristics

III: Lenin, Trotsky and Gorky