# The Middle Five — Themes

> Major themes in The Middle Five by Francis La Flesche.

## Cultural Identity and Assimilation

The book explores the tension between the Omaha Indian boys' native heritage and the forced assimilation into Euro-American culture at the mission school, as seen through their retention of Indian customs, language, and rituals despite the school's efforts to suppress them.

### Where it surfaces

- [The Middle Five](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/the-middle-five): The boys navigate their Native heritage while being taught in a mission school environment that promotes Western education and discipline.
- [I: The Mission](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/i-the-mission): The narrator's transition from a traditional Omaha upbringing to the rigid, foreign environment of the Mission school highlights the tension between native culture and forced assimilation.
- [II: Brush](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/ii-brush): Brush's success in the horse race reflects traditional Omaha skills, while the mission school environment pressures assimilation.
- [Edwin](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/iii-edwin): Edwin is renamed, given new clothes, and taught to follow white customs, highlighting the tension between his Omaha heritage and the school's assimilationist goals.
- [VI: Lester](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/vi-lester): The boys' discussion of American history and the queen bee reflects the assimilationist education at the mission, blending Native and American perspectives.
- [IX: William T. Sherman](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/ix-william-t-sherman): Little Tail's arrival and the boys' confusion about swearing and lordship illustrate the tension between Native culture and missionary teachings.

## Friendship and Loyalty

The bonds between the boys, especially within the Middle Five and Big Seven gangs, are central to the narrative, highlighting mutual support, protection, and shared adventures, such as Brush's care for the narrator and the group's secret nighttime feasts.

### Where it surfaces

- [The Middle Five](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/the-middle-five): The bonds between the boys are central to their experience, providing support and camaraderie amidst the challenges of school life.
- [Little Bob](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/iv-little-bob): Frank defends Little Bob despite not knowing him, and Little Bob becomes a loyal follower, forming the core of 'the Middle Five' gang.
- [V: Warren](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/v-warren): The Middle Five boys train Warren, support him during the fight, and stand up to Jim together, demonstrating strong group loyalty.
- [Fraudulent Holidays](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/viii-fraudulent-holidays): The boys collaborate in schemes, share the rabbit as a pet, and honor the cake contract system, showing bonds of loyalty.
- [The Secret of the Big Seven](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/xiii-the-secret-of-the-big-seven): The Middle Five and Big Seven unite in a fraternal bond, sharing secrets and feasts, and the boys protect each other by not betraying the society.
- [The Break](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/xvi-the-break): The narrator's promise to bring Brush buffalo meat, the boys' concern for Brush, and Brush's gift of his knife to the narrator.

## Childhood and Play

The book vividly depicts the universal joys and mischief of boyhood, including games like 'Follow My Leader,' sledding, pig-chasing, and mock battles, which serve as a counterpoint to the strict discipline of the school.

### Where it surfaces

- [I: The Mission](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/i-the-mission): The boys form gangs and engage in fights and games, illustrating how children create their own social structures and codes of honor within the school.
- [V: Warren](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/v-warren): The chapter opens with the boys examining a carved toy plough and later engaging in a schoolyard fight, blending play with serious social dynamics.
- [VI: Lester](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/vi-lester): The boys' chase of the bee swarm, their spying from the belfry, and the secret candy exchange with girls highlight the playful, mischievous side of childhood.
- [The Splinter, the Thorn, and the Rib](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/vii-the-splinter-the-thorn-and-the-rib): The boys engage in imaginative storytelling and playful debates, even as they face discipline from Graybeard.
- [Fraudulent Holidays](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/viii-fraudulent-holidays): The chapter highlights the boys' longing for play and their joyful chase of pigs, games in the twilight, and the rabbit as a pet.
- [IX: William T. Sherman](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/ix-william-t-sherman): The boys' play, including the popgun incident and the rescue at the swimming hole, shows their childhood experiences.

## Education and Discipline

The mission school's rigid educational system, with its emphasis on rote learning, religious instruction, and punishment, is contrasted with the boys' natural curiosity and resistance, as seen in their pranks to gain holidays and their struggles with English.

### Where it surfaces

- [Edwin](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/iii-edwin): The school enforces strict discipline during prayer and lessons, contrasting with Edwin's free-spirited upbringing.
- [Little Bob](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/iv-little-bob): Frank is punished by being kept after school for neglecting his arithmetic, reflecting the strict discipline of the mission school.
- [VI: Lester](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/vi-lester): The classroom scene shows the strict but sometimes lax discipline of the mission school, with Graybeard dozing and the bee swarm causing a chaotic but educational interruption.
- [IX: William T. Sherman](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/ix-william-t-sherman): Graybeard's punishment of William T. Sherman for swearing and the boys' fear of the discipline room highlight the strict educational environment.
- [A New Study](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/xi-a-new-study): The chapter highlights the rigid, exam-oriented teaching methods at the mission school, with Graybeard's frustration and the visitors' test of knowledge, as well as the introduction of formal music lessons.
- [XII: Ponka Boys](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/xii-ponka-boys): The classroom scenes contrast structured learning (arithmetic, history) with the disruptive presence of the Ponka boys, and Graybeard's attempts to maintain order.

## Loss and Grief

Themes of death and mourning pervade the book, from Brush's fatal illness and the narrator's homesickness to the widow weeping for her husband and the ritual of placing food on graves, reflecting the harsh realities of life for the Omaha people.

### Where it surfaces

- [II: Brush](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/ii-brush): Brush's orphanhood and the grave-offering custom illustrate themes of loss and remembrance.
- [XV: Joe](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/xv-joe): Joe's abandonment by his grandmother and the death of his mother evoke deep grief; the narrator's hatred toward Graybeard reflects emotional turmoil.
- [The Break](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/xvi-the-break): The chapter centers on Brush's illness and death, and the mourning of a widow for her husband and child.

## Resistance and Rebellion

The boys subtly resist the school's authority through secret societies, nocturnal escapades, and defiance of rules, such as the Big Seven's ritualistic 'Word of Command' and the runaway attempt to join the buffalo hunt.

### Where it surfaces

- [I: The Mission](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/i-the-mission): The narrator learns that fighting back against bullies is necessary to maintain respect, a form of small-scale resistance against the school's social hierarchy.
- [V: Warren](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/v-warren): Warren and his friends resist Jim's meddling and Gideon's aggression, asserting their own code of honor and refusing to be intimidated.
- [Fraudulent Holidays](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/viii-fraudulent-holidays): The boys deliberately break the stovepipe and engineer a pig escape to create holidays, rebelling against the strict school routine.
- [X: A Runaway](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/x-a-runaway): The boys' decision to run away from the mission school to join the buffalo hunt is a direct act of rebellion against the school's authority and assimilationist goals.
- [A New Study](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/xi-a-new-study): Frank's wasp distraction is a subtle act of rebellion to protect a classmate from punishment, and the children's spontaneous Indian song asserts their cultural identity despite the adults' disapproval.
- [XII: Ponka Boys](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/xii-ponka-boys): The Ponka boys defy the school's authority by stealing sleds and mocking the students, while the schoolboys rebel against the theft through physical confrontation.

## Tradition vs. Modernity

The clash between Omaha traditions—like the buffalo hunt, horse racing, and native songs—and the modernizing influences of the mission school is a recurring tension, with the boys navigating both worlds.

### Where it surfaces

- [The Splinter, the Thorn, and the Rib](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/vii-the-splinter-the-thorn-and-the-rib): The boys compare an Omaha creation story with the biblical Adam and Eve narrative, highlighting the tension between indigenous traditions and Christian teachings.
- [X: A Runaway](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/x-a-runaway): The conflict between the traditional buffalo hunt and the mission school's education highlights the tension between indigenous customs and modern assimilation.
- [The Secret of the Big Seven](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/xiii-the-secret-of-the-big-seven): The boys maintain Omaha cultural rituals like the 'Word of Command' and the thank offering to Wakonda, while navigating the rules of the mission school.

## Family and Community

The importance of family ties and community bonds is emphasized through the boys' visits home, the grandmother's care for Joseph, and the collective mourning rituals, contrasting with the isolating environment of the boarding school.

### Where it surfaces

- [II: Brush](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/ii-brush): The mother bringing her sons to school and the narrator's family welcoming Brush highlight community bonds and family dynamics.
- [Edwin](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/iii-edwin): Edwin's parents discuss his education out of love and foresight, and the community supports sending children to the school for future benefit.
- [Little Bob](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/iv-little-bob): Little Bob's father Ne-ma-ha is a poor, disgraced former priest, illustrating the impact of family status and community roles on individuals.
- [A Rebuke](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/the_middle_five_se/chapters/xiv-a-rebuke): The father's rebuke and mother's comfort illustrate the family's role in teaching moral values and community responsibility.

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