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The Kural · Chapters

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Chapter companions for The Kural by Thiruvalluvar.

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  1. Chapter 1

    Thiruvalluvar

    This chapter recounts the life and times of the Tamil poet-saint Thiruvalluvar, focusing on his marriage to Vāsuki, their ideal domestic life, her death, and his subsequent renunciation. It also discusses the scant historical evidence for his dates, his caste background, and the legendary tests of Vāsuki's obedience and devotion.

  2. Chapter 2

    The Kural

    This chapter introduces the Kural, a collection of maxims by Thiruvalluvar, and explores its themes of virtue, family duty, love, statecraft, and the vanity of worldly life, as interpreted by various scholars.

  3. Chapter 3

    Part I: Righteousness

    This chapter introduces the foundational concept of righteousness (aram) as the guiding principle of life, exploring its virtues and applications in personal conduct, family duty, and spiritual discipline.

  4. Chapter 4

    Part II: Wealth

    This section of the Kural focuses on the theme of wealth, exploring its importance, acquisition, and ethical use within the framework of a virtuous life.

  5. Chapter 5

    Part III: Love

    This section explores the theme of love, likely focusing on romantic love, marriage, and the emotional bonds between partners, as reflected in the Kural's teachings.

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  1. Chapter 6The Verse
  2. Chapter 7Parimêlajahar
  3. Chapter 8The Kural
  4. Chapter 9I: In Praise of the Lord
  5. Chapter 10II: In Praise of Rain
  6. Chapter 11III: The Greatness of Those Who Have Renounced the World
  7. Chapter 12IV: The Glorification of Righteousness
  8. Chapter 13Part I: Righteousness
  9. Chapter 14Section I: The Life of the Householder
  10. Chapter 15Family Life
  11. Chapter 16VI: The Blessings of a Good Helpmate
  12. Chapter 17VII: Offspring
  13. Chapter 18Love
  14. Chapter 19IX: Hospitality
  15. Chapter 20X: Kindness of Speech
  16. Chapter 21XI: Gratitude
  17. Chapter 22XII: Uprightness of Heart
  18. Chapter 23Self-Control
  19. Chapter 24XIV: Purity of Conduct
  20. Chapter 25XV: Non-Desiring of Another Man’s Wife
  21. Chapter 26XVI: Forgiveness
  22. Chapter 27XVII: Non-Envying
  23. Chapter 28XVIII: Non-Coveting
  24. Chapter 29XIX: Refraining from Slander
  25. Chapter 30XX: Refraining from Vain Speaking
  26. Chapter 31XXI: Fear of Evildoing
  27. Chapter 32XXII: Complaisance
  28. Chapter 33Charity
  29. Chapter 34Glory
  30. Chapter 35Section II: The Life of the Ascetic
  31. Chapter 36Subdivision A: Discipline
  32. Chapter 37Mercy
  33. Chapter 38XXVI: Abjuring of Flesh-Meat
  34. Chapter 39XXVII: Tapas
  35. Chapter 40XXVIII: Imposture
  36. Chapter 41XXIX: Abstaining from Fraud
  37. Chapter 42XXX: Truthfulness
  38. Chapter 43XXXI: Abstaining from Anger
  39. Chapter 44XXXII: Non-Injuring
  40. Chapter 45Non-Killing
  41. Chapter 46Subdivision B: Wisdom
  42. Chapter 47XXXIV: The Vanity of All Things
  43. Chapter 48XXXV: Renunciation
  44. Chapter 49Realisation of the Truth
  45. Chapter 50XXXVII: The Killing of Desire
  46. Chapter 51XXXVIII: Destiny
  47. Chapter 52Part II: Wealth
  48. Chapter 53Section I: The Prince
  49. Chapter 54XXXIX: The Qualifications of the Prince
  50. Chapter 55Learning
  51. Chapter 56XLI: The Neglecting of Instruction
  52. Chapter 57XLII: Listening to the Instruction of the Wise
  53. Chapter 58XLIII: The Understanding
  54. Chapter 59XLIV: Eschewing of Faults
  55. Chapter 60XLV: Courting the Friendship of the Worthy
  56. Chapter 61XLVI: Keeping Aloof from Vulgar Company
  57. Chapter 62XLVII: Deliberation Before Action
  58. Chapter 63XLVIII: Judging of Strength
  59. Chapter 64XLIX: Judging the Opportune Moment
  60. Chapter 65Judging of Place
  61. Chapter 66LI: Testing of Men for Confidence
  62. Chapter 67LII: Testing and Employment of Men
  63. Chapter 68LIII: Cherishing of Kindred
  64. Chapter 69LIV: Guarding Against Insouciance
  65. Chapter 70LV: Just Government
  66. Chapter 71LVI: Tyranny
  67. Chapter 72LVII: Abstaining from Deeds That Cause Trepidation
  68. Chapter 73LVIII: Considerateness
  69. Chapter 74LIX: The Service of Intelligence
  70. Chapter 75LX: Energy
  71. Chapter 76LXI: Abstention from Sloth
  72. Chapter 77LXII: Manly Exertion
  73. Chapter 78LXIII: Intrepidity in the Face of Misfortune
  74. Chapter 79Section II: The Members of the Body Politic
  75. Chapter 80LXIV: The Councillor of State
  76. Chapter 81LXV: Eloquence
  77. Chapter 82LXVI: Purity of Action
  78. Chapter 83LXVII: Decision of Character
  79. Chapter 84LXVIII: The Conduct of Affairs
  80. Chapter 85LXIX: The Ambassador
  81. Chapter 86LXX: Comporting Oneself Before Princes
  82. Chapter 87LXXI: Judging by Looks
  83. Chapter 88LXXII: Judging of the Audience
  84. Chapter 89LXXIII: Self-Confidence Before an Audience
  85. Chapter 90LXXIV: The Country
  86. Chapter 91LXXV: Fortresses
  87. Chapter 92LXXVI: The Acquisition of Wealth
  88. Chapter 93LXXVII: The Characteristics of the Army
  89. Chapter 94LXXVIII: The Self-Abandon of the Warrior
  90. Chapter 95LXXIX: Friendship
  91. Chapter 96LXXX: Testing of Fitness for Friendship
  92. Chapter 97LXXXI: Intimacy
  93. Chapter 98LXXXII: The Friendship That Injureth
  94. Chapter 99LXXXIII: False Friendship
  95. Chapter 100LXXXIV: Folly
  96. Chapter 101LXXXV: Conceited Folly
  97. Chapter 102LXXXVI: The Defiant Spirit
  98. Chapter 103LXXXVII: The Characteristics of Enemies
  99. Chapter 104LXXXVIII: The Appraising of Enemies
  100. Chapter 105LXXXIX: The Traitor in the Camp
  101. Chapter 106XC: Refraining from Offending the Great Ones
  102. Chapter 107XCI: Submission to Wife Government
  103. Chapter 108XCII: Prostitutes
  104. Chapter 109XCIII: Abstaining from Drink
  105. Chapter 110XCIV: Gambling
  106. Chapter 111Medicine
  107. Chapter 112Section III: Miscellaneous
  108. Chapter 113XCVI: Respectability of Birth
  109. Chapter 114XCVII: Honour
  110. Chapter 115XCVIII: Greatness
  111. Chapter 116XCIX: Worth
  112. Chapter 117C: Courteousness
  113. Chapter 118CI: The Wealth That Is Not Put to Good Use
  114. Chapter 119CII: Sensitiveness to Shame
  115. Chapter 120CIII: Advancing the Family
  116. Chapter 121CIV: Husbandry
  117. Chapter 122CV: Indigence
  118. Chapter 123CVI: Begging
  119. Chapter 124CVII: The Dread of Beggary
  120. Chapter 125CVIII: The Degraded Life
  121. Chapter 126Part III: Love
  122. Chapter 127Section I: The Secret Marriage
  123. Chapter 128CIX: The Wound That Beauty Inflicteth
  124. Chapter 129CX: Reading of the Heart by Signs
  125. Chapter 130CXI: In Praise of the Union
  126. Chapter 131CXII: In Praise of Her Beauty
  127. Chapter 132CXIII: The Glorification of Love
  128. Chapter 133CXIV: Overpassing the Bounds of Decorum
  129. Chapter 134CXV: The Public Humour
  130. Chapter 135Section II: Chastity
  131. Chapter 136CXVI: The Pangs of Separation
  132. Chapter 137CXVII: Bewailing the Pangs of Separation and Pining Away
  133. Chapter 138CXVIII: The Wasting of the Eyes Through Wistful Longing
  134. Chapter 139CXIX: Bewailing the Pallor of Pining Love
  135. Chapter 140CXX: Anguish of Heart That the Husband Feeleth Not as Oneself
  136. Chapter 141CXXI: Sighing for the Absent One
  137. Chapter 142CXXII: In Praise of the Dream-State
  138. Chapter 143CXXIII: Sighing at the Approach of Evening
  139. Chapter 144CXXIV: The Wasting Away of Her Lovely Form
  140. Chapter 145CXXV: Addressing One’s Own Heart
  141. Chapter 146CXXVI: The Losing of the Sense of a Dignified Reserve
  142. Chapter 147CXXVII: The Longing of the Lovers to Meet
  143. Chapter 148CXXVIII: Reading the Secret Thought
  144. Chapter 149CXXIX: The Impatience of the Pair to Fly to Each Other’s Arms
  145. Chapter 150CXXX: Chiding the Heart
  146. Chapter 151CXXXI: Bouderie
  147. Chapter 152CXXXII: The Finesses of Bouderie
  148. Chapter 153CXXXIII: The Charm of Bouderie
  149. Chapter 154Endnotes