The Kural · Chapters
Chapters explained
Chapter companions for The Kural by Thiruvalluvar.
Each chapter has a companion in the reader — open a free preview to see notes beside the text.
Chapter 1
Thiruvalluvar
This chapter recounts the life and times of the Tamil poet-saint Thiruvalluvar, focusing on his marriage to Vāsuki, their ideal domestic life, her death, and his subsequent renunciation. It also discusses the scant historical evidence for his dates, his caste background, and the legendary tests of Vāsuki's obedience and devotion.
Chapter 2
The Kural
This chapter introduces the Kural, a collection of maxims by Thiruvalluvar, and explores its themes of virtue, family duty, love, statecraft, and the vanity of worldly life, as interpreted by various scholars.
Chapter 3
Part I: Righteousness
This chapter introduces the foundational concept of righteousness (aram) as the guiding principle of life, exploring its virtues and applications in personal conduct, family duty, and spiritual discipline.
Chapter 4
Part II: Wealth
This section of the Kural focuses on the theme of wealth, exploring its importance, acquisition, and ethical use within the framework of a virtuous life.
Chapter 5
Part III: Love
This section explores the theme of love, likely focusing on romantic love, marriage, and the emotional bonds between partners, as reflected in the Kural's teachings.
Free preview
149 more chapter companions sit beside the text in BetterReads — open a free preview to unlock the rest.
149 more companions → free preview- Chapter 6The Verse
- Chapter 7Parimêlajahar
- Chapter 8The Kural
- Chapter 9I: In Praise of the Lord
- Chapter 10II: In Praise of Rain
- Chapter 11III: The Greatness of Those Who Have Renounced the World
- Chapter 12IV: The Glorification of Righteousness
- Chapter 13Part I: Righteousness
- Chapter 14Section I: The Life of the Householder
- Chapter 15Family Life
- Chapter 16VI: The Blessings of a Good Helpmate
- Chapter 17VII: Offspring
- Chapter 18Love
- Chapter 19IX: Hospitality
- Chapter 20X: Kindness of Speech
- Chapter 21XI: Gratitude
- Chapter 22XII: Uprightness of Heart
- Chapter 23Self-Control
- Chapter 24XIV: Purity of Conduct
- Chapter 25XV: Non-Desiring of Another Man’s Wife
- Chapter 26XVI: Forgiveness
- Chapter 27XVII: Non-Envying
- Chapter 28XVIII: Non-Coveting
- Chapter 29XIX: Refraining from Slander
- Chapter 30XX: Refraining from Vain Speaking
- Chapter 31XXI: Fear of Evildoing
- Chapter 32XXII: Complaisance
- Chapter 33Charity
- Chapter 34Glory
- Chapter 35Section II: The Life of the Ascetic
- Chapter 36Subdivision A: Discipline
- Chapter 37Mercy
- Chapter 38XXVI: Abjuring of Flesh-Meat
- Chapter 39XXVII: Tapas
- Chapter 40XXVIII: Imposture
- Chapter 41XXIX: Abstaining from Fraud
- Chapter 42XXX: Truthfulness
- Chapter 43XXXI: Abstaining from Anger
- Chapter 44XXXII: Non-Injuring
- Chapter 45Non-Killing
- Chapter 46Subdivision B: Wisdom
- Chapter 47XXXIV: The Vanity of All Things
- Chapter 48XXXV: Renunciation
- Chapter 49Realisation of the Truth
- Chapter 50XXXVII: The Killing of Desire
- Chapter 51XXXVIII: Destiny
- Chapter 52Part II: Wealth
- Chapter 53Section I: The Prince
- Chapter 54XXXIX: The Qualifications of the Prince
- Chapter 55Learning
- Chapter 56XLI: The Neglecting of Instruction
- Chapter 57XLII: Listening to the Instruction of the Wise
- Chapter 58XLIII: The Understanding
- Chapter 59XLIV: Eschewing of Faults
- Chapter 60XLV: Courting the Friendship of the Worthy
- Chapter 61XLVI: Keeping Aloof from Vulgar Company
- Chapter 62XLVII: Deliberation Before Action
- Chapter 63XLVIII: Judging of Strength
- Chapter 64XLIX: Judging the Opportune Moment
- Chapter 65Judging of Place
- Chapter 66LI: Testing of Men for Confidence
- Chapter 67LII: Testing and Employment of Men
- Chapter 68LIII: Cherishing of Kindred
- Chapter 69LIV: Guarding Against Insouciance
- Chapter 70LV: Just Government
- Chapter 71LVI: Tyranny
- Chapter 72LVII: Abstaining from Deeds That Cause Trepidation
- Chapter 73LVIII: Considerateness
- Chapter 74LIX: The Service of Intelligence
- Chapter 75LX: Energy
- Chapter 76LXI: Abstention from Sloth
- Chapter 77LXII: Manly Exertion
- Chapter 78LXIII: Intrepidity in the Face of Misfortune
- Chapter 79Section II: The Members of the Body Politic
- Chapter 80LXIV: The Councillor of State
- Chapter 81LXV: Eloquence
- Chapter 82LXVI: Purity of Action
- Chapter 83LXVII: Decision of Character
- Chapter 84LXVIII: The Conduct of Affairs
- Chapter 85LXIX: The Ambassador
- Chapter 86LXX: Comporting Oneself Before Princes
- Chapter 87LXXI: Judging by Looks
- Chapter 88LXXII: Judging of the Audience
- Chapter 89LXXIII: Self-Confidence Before an Audience
- Chapter 90LXXIV: The Country
- Chapter 91LXXV: Fortresses
- Chapter 92LXXVI: The Acquisition of Wealth
- Chapter 93LXXVII: The Characteristics of the Army
- Chapter 94LXXVIII: The Self-Abandon of the Warrior
- Chapter 95LXXIX: Friendship
- Chapter 96LXXX: Testing of Fitness for Friendship
- Chapter 97LXXXI: Intimacy
- Chapter 98LXXXII: The Friendship That Injureth
- Chapter 99LXXXIII: False Friendship
- Chapter 100LXXXIV: Folly
- Chapter 101LXXXV: Conceited Folly
- Chapter 102LXXXVI: The Defiant Spirit
- Chapter 103LXXXVII: The Characteristics of Enemies
- Chapter 104LXXXVIII: The Appraising of Enemies
- Chapter 105LXXXIX: The Traitor in the Camp
- Chapter 106XC: Refraining from Offending the Great Ones
- Chapter 107XCI: Submission to Wife Government
- Chapter 108XCII: Prostitutes
- Chapter 109XCIII: Abstaining from Drink
- Chapter 110XCIV: Gambling
- Chapter 111Medicine
- Chapter 112Section III: Miscellaneous
- Chapter 113XCVI: Respectability of Birth
- Chapter 114XCVII: Honour
- Chapter 115XCVIII: Greatness
- Chapter 116XCIX: Worth
- Chapter 117C: Courteousness
- Chapter 118CI: The Wealth That Is Not Put to Good Use
- Chapter 119CII: Sensitiveness to Shame
- Chapter 120CIII: Advancing the Family
- Chapter 121CIV: Husbandry
- Chapter 122CV: Indigence
- Chapter 123CVI: Begging
- Chapter 124CVII: The Dread of Beggary
- Chapter 125CVIII: The Degraded Life
- Chapter 126Part III: Love
- Chapter 127Section I: The Secret Marriage
- Chapter 128CIX: The Wound That Beauty Inflicteth
- Chapter 129CX: Reading of the Heart by Signs
- Chapter 130CXI: In Praise of the Union
- Chapter 131CXII: In Praise of Her Beauty
- Chapter 132CXIII: The Glorification of Love
- Chapter 133CXIV: Overpassing the Bounds of Decorum
- Chapter 134CXV: The Public Humour
- Chapter 135Section II: Chastity
- Chapter 136CXVI: The Pangs of Separation
- Chapter 137CXVII: Bewailing the Pangs of Separation and Pining Away
- Chapter 138CXVIII: The Wasting of the Eyes Through Wistful Longing
- Chapter 139CXIX: Bewailing the Pallor of Pining Love
- Chapter 140CXX: Anguish of Heart That the Husband Feeleth Not as Oneself
- Chapter 141CXXI: Sighing for the Absent One
- Chapter 142CXXII: In Praise of the Dream-State
- Chapter 143CXXIII: Sighing at the Approach of Evening
- Chapter 144CXXIV: The Wasting Away of Her Lovely Form
- Chapter 145CXXV: Addressing One’s Own Heart
- Chapter 146CXXVI: The Losing of the Sense of a Dignified Reserve
- Chapter 147CXXVII: The Longing of the Lovers to Meet
- Chapter 148CXXVIII: Reading the Secret Thought
- Chapter 149CXXIX: The Impatience of the Pair to Fly to Each Other’s Arms
- Chapter 150CXXX: Chiding the Heart
- Chapter 151CXXXI: Bouderie
- Chapter 152CXXXII: The Finesses of Bouderie
- Chapter 153CXXXIII: The Charm of Bouderie
- Chapter 154Endnotes