The Tao as the Ultimate Principle

Where it surfaces

• The Texts of the Tao Te Ching and Chuang-Tzŭ Shu, as Regards Their Authenticity and Genuineness, and the Arrangement of Them

  The chapter discusses the Tao Te Ching's focus on the Tao and its characteristics, as reflected in the title and content of the work.

• What Is the Meaning of the Name Tao? And the Chief Points of the Belief in Taoism

  The chapter explores the Tao as the impersonal, non-active, and all-encompassing principle that covers, protects, nurtures, and matures all things.

• Accounts of Laozi and Chuang-Tzŭ Given by Ssŭ-Ma Chʽien

  Laozi's teachings focus on the Tao and its attributes, as seen in his book composed at the barrier-gate.

• Tao Te Ching

  The Tao is presented as the ineffable source of all things, beyond language and conceptualization.

• I

  The chapter directly defines the Tao as the enduring, unchanging principle that cannot be trodden or named, serving as the origin of heaven and earth and the mother of all things.

• IV

  The Tao is described as the emptiness of a vessel, the Honoured Ancestor of all things, and as existing before God, emphasizing its primordial and foundational nature.

• VI

  The valley spirit and female mystery are metaphors for the Tao, the enduring source of all creation.

• XIV

  The chapter presents the Tao as the formless, inaudible, and subtle source that cannot be described yet governs all things.

• XVI

  Possession of the Tao is presented as the highest state, leading to endurance and exemption from decay.

• Chapter XXI

  The chapter explicitly states that all active force comes from Tao, which is the source and container of all forms and essences.

• XXIII

  The chapter centers on making the Tao one's business and finding happiness through agreement with it, emphasizing the Tao as the guiding principle.

• XXV

  The chapter explicitly describes the Tao as the undefined, complete source of all things, existing before Heaven and Earth and serving as the Mother of all.

• Chapter XXXII

  The Tao is described as unchanging, nameless, and the source of spontaneous order in the world.

• XXXIV

  The chapter emphasizes the Tao as the all-pervading source and sustainer of all things, without claiming authority.

• Chapter XXXV

  The 'Great Image' represents the invisible Tao, which draws all people and provides inexhaustible benefit despite its seeming insipidity.

• Chapter XXXVIII

  The Tao is presented as the highest state, prior to and superior to all forms of virtue and action.

• XXXIX

  The chapter lists Heaven, Earth, spirits, valleys, creatures, and rulers as all deriving their qualities from the One (the Tao), reinforcing the Tao as the source of all existence and order.

• Chapter XL

  The Tao is described as the source from which all things under heaven spring, first from existence and ultimately from non-existence.

• XLI

  The Tao is portrayed as hidden and nameless yet skillfully imparting to all things what they need, reinforcing its role as the ultimate principle that completes everything.

• XLII

  The Tao produces One, Two, Three, and all things, establishing it as the source of all existence.

• LI

  The Tao is described as the source that produces and nourishes all things, completing them according to their nature and conditions.

• LII

  The Tao is described as the mother of all things, the origin from which all under the sky arises.

• LIV

  The chapter illustrates the Tao as the source of enduring strength and prosperity when nurtured within individuals and communities.

• LXII

  The Tao is described as having 'of all things the most honoured place' and being the most valuable thing under heaven, surpassing all material offerings.

• LXVII

  The Tao is described as great yet appearing inferior, emphasizing its transcendent nature beyond conventional systems.

• LXX

  Laozi's words are said to originate from an all-comprehending principle, pointing to the Tao as the foundation of his teaching.

• LXXVII

  The Way of Heaven is described as the principle that balances excess and deficiency.

• Endnotes

  The endnotes repeatedly emphasize the Tao as the central, unnamed principle underlying the teachings, e.g., 'the idea of it was evidently in the writer’s mind' and 'the Tao, the course of events—Providence.'