# Poverty and Class Struggle in Poetry

> Theme guide for Poetry by Langston Hughes.

Economic hardship and class inequality are starkly portrayed in 'God to Hungry Child,' 'Porter,' and 'Grant Park,' where the poor are exploited and forgotten by the wealthy.

## Where it surfaces

- [Mexican Market Woman](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/mexican-market-woman): The woman's 'scanty wares' and daily grind of selling 'day in, day round' underscore a life of economic marginality.
- [Laughers](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/laughers): Lists low-wage occupations (dish-washers, elevator-boys, crap-shooters) to highlight the class positions of the laughers.
- [Beggar Boy](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/beggar-boy): The beggar boy's physical poverty is contrasted with the richness of his spirit, as expressed through his flute.
- [Mother to Son](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/mother-to-son): The imagery of a broken, bare staircase symbolizes the material deprivation and class struggle faced by the speaker.
- [Young Prostitute](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/young-prostitute): The young prostitute's withered face and broken stem metaphor highlight the physical toll of economic desperation and the commodification of her body.
- [Grant Park](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/grant-park): The poem directly confronts the physical and spiritual toll of poverty on the speaker's brothers, highlighting systemic inequality.
- [Prayer for a Winter Night](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/prayer-for-a-winter-night): The poem starkly highlights the desperation of the poor who cannot afford warmth or sustenance, leading to a plea for death as an escape.
- [A Song to a Negro Wash-Woman](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/a-song-to-a-negro-wash-woman): The poem highlights the economic realities of a wash-woman's life, working for white families while building her own home and community.
- [Troubled Woman](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/troubled-woman): The woman's weariness and pain, likened to a flower beaten by frozen rain, evoke the relentless hardships of poverty and social marginalization.
- [Johannesburg Mines](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/johannesburg-mines): The poem highlights the exploitation of 240,000 Native African workers in the mines, underscoring the systemic poverty and class oppression inherent in colonial capitalism.
- [To Certain Intellectuals](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/to-certain-intellectuals): The speaker's poverty and perceived ignorance are cited as reasons for exclusion by the intellectual class.
- [Steel Mills](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/steel-mills): The mills grind away the lives of men, highlighting the dehumanizing cost of industrial labor on the working class.
- [Drama for Winter Night](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/drama-for-winter-night): The poem starkly portrays the dehumanization of a homeless man who is denied shelter and dignity at every turn.
- [God to Hungry Child](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/god-to-hungry-child): The poem starkly contrasts the hungry child's poverty with the wealth of the rich, framing the world as deliberately structured to exclude the poor.
- [Park Benching](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/park-benching): The speaker's hunger and inability to find work highlight the struggle of the unemployed and impoverished.
- [Rising Waters](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/rising-waters): The poem sharply contrasts the rich ('foam on the sea') with the enduring, powerful forces of the sea, symbolizing the working class or the oppressed, and questions the wealthy's awareness of the harsh realities they are insulated from.
- [Midwinter Blues](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/midwinter-blues): The lover's departure when coal is low underscores the intersection of emotional pain with material deprivation.
- [Gypsy Man](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/gypsy-man): The speaker's loss of her last dime to a 'yellow papa' highlights the economic vulnerability and exploitation faced by poor women.
- [Listen Here Blues](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/listen-here-blues): The vulnerability of young women in low socioeconomic positions, preyed upon by 'licker-headed rounders.'
- [Homesick Blues](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/homesick-blues): The speaker looks for a boxcar to ride South, indicating a lack of means and the struggle of a working-class existence.
- [Ruby Brown](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/ruby-brown): Ruby's economic desperation leads her to abandon domestic work for higher-paying but exploitative sex work.
- [Bound No'th Blues](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/bound-no-th-blues): The speaker carries a heavy load, walks endlessly, and finds no trustworthy friends, reflecting the struggles of the poor and marginalized.
- [Down an’ Out](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/down-an-out): The speaker's loss of clothes to the installment man and inability to pay rent vividly depict the struggle of the urban poor.
- [Walls](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/walls): The walls symbolize the confined, oppressive spaces of poverty that hold suffering.
- [Beale Street Love](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/beale-street-love): The raw, violent depiction of love on Beale Street reflects the harsh realities and limited choices faced by those in impoverished urban communities.
- [Hard Luck](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/hard-luck): The speaker's hard luck leads to selling fine clothes for a pittance and being unable to afford even a stall, highlighting economic desperation.
- [Elevator Boy](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/elevator-boy): The speaker's lack of money and the precariousness of his job highlight the struggles of the working poor.
- [Brass Spitoons](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/brass-spitoons): The speaker's wages of a nickel, dime, or dollar a day barely cover shoes for the baby, house rent, and gin on Saturday, highlighting the cycle of poverty.
- [Natcha](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/natcha): The exchange of love for money highlights economic desperation and survival.
- [Success](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/success): The contrast between the speaker's fullness and the hunger of others highlights class division and the guilt of privilege.
- [Montmartre Beggar Woman](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/montmartre-beggar-woman): The beggar woman's destitution and societal neglect highlight the harsh realities of poverty and the invisibility of the aged poor.
- [Prize Fighter](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/prize-fighter): The fighter weighs the meager earnings from boxing against the potential stability of dock work, highlighting economic desperation.
- [Ballad of Gin Mary](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/ballad-of-gin-mary): Mary's lack of friends and her desperation highlight the isolation and systemic punishment faced by the poor and marginalized.
- [Death of Do Dirty](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/death-of-do-dirty): Do Dirty's kindness in feeding the speaker when he had nothing highlights the struggle of poverty.
- [Porter](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/porter): The porter's life is defined by his lowly position, climbing a mountain of 'yes, sirs' for a rich white man.
- [Sinner](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/sinner): The speaker's poverty ('Po’') is explicitly stated as part of their humble and lonesome condition.
- [Workin’ Man](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/workin-man): The speaker's grueling labor and squalid living conditions highlight the cycle of poverty and the struggle for dignity.
- [Evil Woman](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/evil-woman): The reference to bringing the woman 'from de South' and threatening to send her back underscores the economic and social pressures of migration and class struggle.
- [Red Silk Stockings](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/red-silk-stockings): The line 'Ain’t nothin’ to do for you, nohow, Round this town' points to economic despair and lack of opportunity, driving the directive to commodify her appearance.
- [Sunset—Coney Island](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/sunset-coney-island): The tailor's meager meal of hot-dog sandwiches and his degraded life reflect the struggles of the working poor in a capitalist society.
- [Merry Christmas](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/chapters/merry-christmas): The poem critiques economic inequality and the exploitation of the poor, referencing 'down-and-outers' and a 'bread-line Santa Claus' as a mockery of charity under capitalism.

## Links

- HTML: https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/themes/poverty_and_class_struggle
- Themes index: https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/poetry_15_se/themes