# Power and Tyranny in Histories

> Theme guide for Histories by Herodotus.

The nature of absolute power is examined through figures like Cambyses, Darius, and Xerxes, showing how despots make irrational decisions, are driven by vengeance, and treat subjects as slaves.

## Where it surfaces

- [Book II: Euterpe](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/histories_se/chapters/book-ii-euterpe): Cambyses inherits absolute power and treats Ionians and Aeolians as slaves; Psammetichos uses his authority to conduct a controversial experiment on children.
- [Book IV: Melpomene](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/histories_se/chapters/book-iv-melpomene): Darius's imperial ambition and the Ionians' fear of losing their despotic rule under Persian authority highlight the dynamics of power.
- [Book V: Terpsichore](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/histories_se/chapters/book-v-terpsichore): Darius and Xerxes exercise absolute power, recalling Histiaios and vowing vengeance, while Persian commanders subdue cities and enforce submission.
- [Book VI: Erato](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/histories_se/chapters/book-vi-erato): The Persians exert control over Ionia by deposing despots and establishing democracies, while also demanding submission from Greek states through earth and water.
- [Book VII: Polymnia](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/histories_se/chapters/book-vii-polymnia): Xerxes' absolute authority is displayed in his decision to invade Greece, his punishment of the Hellespont, and his expectation of total obedience from his subjects.
- [Book IX: Calliope](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/histories_se/chapters/book-ix-calliope): Mardonios's obstinate desire to recapture Athens and his disregard for Theban advice illustrate the hubris of imperial power.
- [Endnotes](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/histories_se/chapters/endnotes): References to Persian kings (Xerxes, Darius) and their campaigns illustrate the exercise of power.

## Links

- HTML: https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/histories_se/themes/power_and_tyranny
- Themes index: https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/histories_se/themes