The Role of Women

Women are often depicted as catalysts for major events (e.g., Io, Europa, Helen) or as agents of revenge and power (e.g., Candaules' wife), though their agency is typically constrained by patriarchal structures.

Artemisia's prominent role as a female commander and advisor to Xerxes challenges traditional gender roles, highlighted by Xerxes' remark that his men have become women and his women men.