Aristotle

Plato

Aristotle was Plato's student and later a critical successor, developing his own philosophy while deeply respecting and revising Plato's ideas.

III: Applications in Education

Referenced through the discussion of aims as practical foresight and the connection between means and ends, echoing Aristotelian teleology.

Interest and Discipline

Referenced implicitly through the discussion of the division between laboring and leisure classes, a distinction rooted in Aristotelian thought.

Experience and Thinking

Referenced indirectly through the Greek tradition that separated knowledge from learning, which Dewey contrasts with modern science's use of doubt for inquiry.

XIX: Labor and Leisure

Aristotle's psychology and political theory are cited as the most adequate formulation of the division between reason (leisure) and appetite (labor), justifying class-based education.

The Origin of the Opposition

Aristotle's philosophy is used to articulate the theoretical basis for the division between liberal and servile education, grounding it in a hierarchy of human functions (nutritive, appetitive, rational) and a corresponding social hierarchy of classes.

The Present Situation

Dewey references Aristotle's conception of the division between leisure and labor, and his definition of 'mechanical' occupations as those that unfit persons for excellence. Dewey uses Aristotle's view as a lens to critique the modern separation between culture and utility in education.

Summary

Referenced implicitly through the Greek philosophical basis for the distinction between theory and practice, and the life of reason versus desire.

XX: Intellectual and Practical Studies

Aristotle is mentioned alongside Plato as agreeing that experience is tied to practical, material interests while reason deals with eternal truth.

The Opposition of Experience and True Knowledge

Aristotle is mentioned alongside Plato as agreeing that experience is tied to material interests and the body, while knowledge exists for its own sake and is rooted in a purely immaterial mind.

Experience as Experimentation

Referenced implicitly through the Greek philosophical tradition that separated rational knowledge from practical experience.

Physical and Social Studies: Naturalism and Humanism

Aristotle is noted for going further in the direction of naturalistic studies, subordinating civic relations to the purely cognitive life and emphasizing participation in pure knowing.

The Historic Background of Humanistic Study

Aristotle is noted for subordinating civic relations to the purely cognitive life, with the highest end of man being participation in pure knowing.

The Present Educational Problem

Cited for his view that certain classes were necessary to the state yet not genuine parts of it, illustrating the narrowness of Greek humanism.

III: Intelligence and Character

Aristotle is cited as criticizing the Platonic view, arguing that moral virtue is like an art requiring practical experience, not just theoretical knowledge.

Endnotes

Mentioned regarding the distinction between actual slaves and natural slaves.