Tradition vs. Change

The novel contrasts the old Spanish and Native American ways with the encroaching American influence, as seen in the changing architecture of Santa Fe and the resistance of figures like Padre Martínez.

Latour's mission to reform the diocese clashes with entrenched local customs, such as Gallegos's laxity and the Pueblo Indians' ancient reverence for parrot feathers.

Martínez resists the bishop's reforms and attempts to preserve the old ways, leading to a schism that divides the community.

Padre Martínez embodies the old order resisting American influence, while Bishop Latour represents the new ecclesiastical authority and the coming of change.

The legal challenge to the will reflects tensions between old Spanish customs and new American legal practices.