Identity and Belonging
Cogewea, as a mixed-blood woman, is caught between two worlds—rejected by both full-blood Indians and whites—and struggles to find a place where she belongs.
Where it surfaces
To the Reader
The author's mixed-blood heritage and her deep sympathy for the mixed-blood, socially ostracized by both races.
Cogewea, the Half-Blood
Cogewea's position as a half-blood highlights the struggle for identity between Native and white worlds.
I: Cogewea the Half-Blood
Cogewea's internal struggle with her mixed heritage and her place in society is central to the chapter.
II: The Roundup at Horseshoe Bend
Cogewea's restlessness and search for a place in life reflect her struggle with her identity as a 'breed' and her longing for purpose beyond her prescribed sphere.
A Range Idyl
Cogewea's desire to write a book to preserve her people's legends reflects her struggle with cultural identity and belonging.
IV: Cogewea Hires the Tenderfoot
Cogewea's internal monologue about being 'between two fires' highlights the struggle of mixed-race identity.
Racial Prejudice and Ostracism
The book repeatedly shows how 'breeds' are socially ostracized, demeaned, and denied rights by both the Indian and white communities, highlighting systemic racism and the pain of being an outcast.
Where it surfaces
I: Cogewea the Half-Blood
The chapter explicitly discusses the social ostracism of 'breeds' by both Indians and Caucasians.
V: The Tenderfoot's Bronco Riding
Densmore's internal thoughts reveal his prejudice against 'half bloods,' viewing them as 'inferior degenerates.' This highlights the racial tensions present in the setting.
VII: The “Ladies’ ” and the “Squaw” Races
Cogewea is barred from the ladies' race and denied her prize solely because she is a 'squaw,' illustrating the deep-seated racism of the era.
Under the Whispering Pines
Densmore's internal monologue reveals his prejudice against Cogewea as a 'squaw' and his fear of social ostracism if he married her.
X: Lo! The Poor 'Breed'
Cogewea articulates the double discrimination faced by breeds, despised by both whites and full-bloods.
XV: The Superior Race
Cogewea confronts Densmore's assumptions of white superiority and details the historical injustices and broken promises faced by her people.
Cultural Conflict and Preservation
The narrative contrasts traditional Indian customs, spirituality, and communal values with the encroaching white civilization, and emphasizes the importance of preserving Indigenous heritage and wisdom.
Where it surfaces
Cogewea, the Half-Blood
The chapter sets up the tension between traditional Okanogan culture and the encroaching white society.
VI: The Fourth of July
Stemteemä's desire to see the Kootenai war dance contrasts with the commercialized spectacle for white audiences, highlighting the tension between preserving tradition and adapting to a changing world.
VIII: The Indian Dancers
The chapter highlights the preservation of Native American dance traditions and the contrast between Indian and white perceptions of the music and ceremony.
X: Lo! The Poor 'Breed'
The book's misrepresentation of Indian customs and the deliberate deception of white writers by tribesmen underscore the clash between cultures.
At the Teepee Fireside
Cogewea contrasts traditional Indian customs with modern ways, and Stemteemä laments the loss of tribal traditions.
XIII: A Visit to Stemteemä’s Teepee
Cogewea contrasts the traditional, harmless use of tobacco with the vices brought by the white man, highlighting the clash between cultures and the effort to preserve indigenous practices.
Love and Marriage
The story explores different forms of marriage—tribal rituals versus white legal ceremonies—and the manipulation and deceit that can occur in romantic relationships, especially across racial lines.
Where it surfaces
XII: On Buffalo Butte
Jim's romantic dreams and his confrontation with Cogewea highlight the theme of love and the competition for her affection.
On the Old Buffalo Grounds
Densmore's proposal and Cogewea's refusal to marry outside her kind underscore the theme of love versus cultural loyalty.
XVIII: Swa-lah-kin
Densmore's proposal to Cogewea is intertwined with his ulterior motives, while Julia's marriage to a white man offers a contrasting perspective.
XXV: Voice of the Autumn Leaves
Cogewea's romantic ideals clash with Densmore's pragmatic and deceitful approach to their union.
XXVII: The Forked Tongue of the Shoyahpee
Cogewea's romantic love conflicts with her grandmother's wisdom and the cultural expectations of marriage within one's own people.
XXXI: A Voice from the Buffalo Skull
Jim and Cogewea finally confess their love and agree to marry, overcoming past sorrow and separation.
Betrayal and Deception
Densmore, the 'tenderfoot' from the East, is portrayed as a manipulative, self-serving suitor who deceives Cogewea, while the grandmother’s warnings and Jim’s suspicions reveal the dangers of trusting outsiders.
Where it surfaces
V: The Tenderfoot's Bronco Riding
Jim and the other cowboys deceive Densmore by saddling the outlaw horse Croppy, intending to cause him harm out of jealousy and spite.
Under the Whispering Pines
Densmore's plan to use Cogewea for her potential wealth while hiding his true intentions is a form of deception.
At the Teepee Fireside
Stemteemä warns Cogewea that Densmore is deceiving her, foreshadowing his later betrayal.
XII: On Buffalo Butte
Jim and the cowboys suspect Densmore of scheming to win Cogewea, and Jim fears betrayal, setting the stage for future conflict.
XVIII: Swa-lah-kin
Densmore lies about his mother and conceals his true intentions, while Cogewea remains unaware of his plot.
XIX: The Story of Green-blanket Feet
The story of Green-blanket Feet is a direct warning about the deceptive nature of white men like Densmore, who are seen as false-tongued and harmful.
Colonialism and Dispossession
The book critiques the historical and ongoing dispossession of Native lands, resources, and rights, from broken treaties to the opening of reservations to settlers, and the devastating impact on Indigenous peoples.
Where it surfaces
Dedication
The dedication mourns the destruction of a once strong and contented people due to the coming of the pale face.
To the Reader
The decimation of See-whelh-ken's tribe and the loss of the buffalo, symbolizing the broader dispossession of Native peoples.
IV: Cogewea Hires the Tenderfoot
The narrative criticizes the forced assimilation and the negative impacts of white civilization on Native peoples.
XIII: A Visit to Stemteemä’s Teepee
Cogewea criticizes the white man for introducing whiskey, beer, wine, and opium, and for bringing 'glad tidings' of a burning hell, reflecting on the destructive impact of colonization.
XIV: The Dead Man’s Vision
The vision prophesies the coming of white settlers and the loss of lands, and Stemteemä reflects on the destruction of her people's way of life.
On the Old Buffalo Grounds
Cogewea criticizes the Indian Bureau and the theft of Native lands, highlighting the ongoing dispossession.
Gender Roles and Women's Strength
Cogewea defies traditional expectations—riding, competing, speaking her mind—while also navigating the domestic and social constraints placed on women, showing both resilience and the limits imposed by society.
Where it surfaces
I: Cogewea the Half-Blood
Cogewea's independence, riding skills, and ability to command respect from cowboys highlight her strength in a male-dominated world.
II: The Roundup at Horseshoe Bend
Cogewea and her sister manage the household and cooking for the roundup, while Cogewea also demonstrates physical skill and courage in handling her horse and confronting the rattlesnake.
A Range Idyl
Cogewea's independence and ambition challenge traditional gender roles, as seen in her interactions with the male riders.
IV: Cogewea Hires the Tenderfoot
Cogewea's independence and assertiveness challenge traditional gender expectations.
V: The Tenderfoot's Bronco Riding
Cogewea challenges John Carter's condescending remarks about women's business sense, asserting her capability and independence. She also takes charge in a crisis, directing the men and nursing Densmore.
VI: The Fourth of July
Cogewea's participation in the races and her skill as a rider challenge traditional gender roles, showcasing her strength and independence.
Spirituality and Tradition
The novel highlights the importance of Indigenous spiritual practices—such as the sweat house, visions, and the peace pipe—as sources of guidance, healing, and cultural identity, contrasted with the hypocrisy of white religious institutions.
Where it surfaces
To the Reader
The author's tutelage under her grandmother, learning ancestral philosophy, the 'Song of the Mountain Herb,' and the sacred power of the sweat-house.
II: The Roundup at Horseshoe Bend
Cogewea references her uncle's teachings about the tahmahnawis power of the snake and her grandmother's beliefs, showing the blend of traditional spirituality with her own modern perspective.
VI: The Fourth of July
The chapter references the sacred nature of the war dance and medicine dance, which are now performed for a pittance, reflecting the erosion of spiritual traditions.
VIII: The Indian Dancers
The dance ceremony is described as sacred, emanating from the Great Spirit, with strict protocols and symbolic gift exchanges.
XIII: A Visit to Stemteemä’s Teepee
The chapter centers on the sacred peace pipe ritual and the preservation of cultural customs, as Cogewea explains the history and significance of smoking to Densmore.
XIV: The Dead Man’s Vision
The chapter centers on the sacred vision and the tribe's spiritual practices, contrasting them with the introduced Christian beliefs.
Class and Social Hierarchy
The book examines how class, race, and education intersect, with characters like Densmore assuming superiority based on whiteness and wealth, while the ranch hands and Indian characters are judged by their blood and background.
Where it surfaces
VIII: The Indian Dancers
The gift-giving and the status of the chiefs and skilled riders reflect social hierarchies within and between tribes.
Under the Whispering Pines
Densmore's concern about his 'social standing' and his family's reaction to a relationship with a 'breed' girl highlights class distinctions.
XVII: Frenchy—Toy of the Cowboys
The cowboys' hazing of Frenchy, a wealthy Parisian, illustrates the social dynamics where experience and toughness trump wealth and background.
A Tragedy of the Range
The Dixie Canary's mysterious past and his status as an educated man set him apart, yet he is accepted by the group, highlighting the egalitarian nature of the range.
XXI: A “Geezar” in Camp
Frenchy's hidden wealth and education contrast with the rough cowboy lifestyle, highlighting social distinctions among the camp members.
The Basket Social
The bidding war and the competition between the cowboys and 'city guys' highlight social hierarchies and the pride of the H-B ranch outfit.
Loss and Mourning
The dedication and narrative are steeped in grief for the decline of Native nations, the loss of land and buffalo, and the personal sorrows of characters like Cogewea, who mourns her place in a changing world.
Where it surfaces
Dedication
The dedication is a memorial to a chief and a nation, expressing grief over their decline.
A Tragedy of the Range
The chapter is a meditation on death and grief, as the cowboys mourn the loss of a beloved companion and honor his final wishes.
XXX: The Cost of Knowing
Cogewea's emotional devastation—'She had lived and died in this one day'—and her decision to leave reflect profound loss and grief.
Endnotes
Sophia Pelkey's loss of her children and her subsequent mourning are central to the Green-blanket Feet narrative.
