# Confucius — Analects character guide > Confucius in Analects by Confucius. **Role:** major **Also known as:** The Master, our Master, Master, K’ung Ch’iû, K’ung Ch’iû of Lü **First appearance:** 0000-book-i-hsio-r ## Who they are A teacher who measures wisdom by conduct, not eloquence, demanding that rulers and disciples alike rectify themselves before daring to correct anyone else. ## Relationships ### [Tsze-kung](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/characters/tsze-kung) _friendship_ Confucius and Tsze-kung share a close mentor-student bond, with Tsze-kung often seeking wisdom and Confucius guiding him in moral and practical matters. ### [Yin](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/characters/yin) _friendship_ Confucius and Yin share a respectful relationship, with Yin often seeking Confucius's guidance on ethical and ritual matters. ### [Tsze-kung](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/characters/tsze-kung) _friendship_ Confucius and Tsze-kung share a close mentor-student bond, with Tsze-kung often seeking wisdom and Confucius guiding him in moral and practical matters. ### [Tsze-kung](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/characters/tsze-kung) _friendship_ Confucius and Tsze-kung share a close mentor-student bond, with Tsze-kung often seeking wisdom and Confucius guiding him in moral and practical matters. ### [Yin](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/characters/yin) _friendship_ Confucius and Yin share a respectful relationship, with Yin often seeking Confucius's guidance on ethical and ritual matters. ### [Yin](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/characters/yin) _friendship_ Confucius and Yin share a respectful relationship, with Yin often seeking Confucius's guidance on ethical and ritual matters. ## In the story ### [Book I: Hsio R](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-i-hsio-r) Opens the chapter with reflections on learning, virtue, and self-cultivation; provides guidance on governance, filial conduct, and the pursuit of complete virtue. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) The Master speaks on the pleasures of learning, friendship, and the virtue of equanimity. ### [Chapter III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Delivers a cautionary statement about the incompatibility of flattering speech and true virtue. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) The Master delivers a teaching on the governance of a country. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Delivers teachings on the conduct of a youth. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) Delivers teachings on the scholar's gravity, sincerity, friendship, and self-correction. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) Implicitly praised for his benign, upright, courteous, temperate, and complaisant nature. ### [XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) Delivers the teaching on filial piety. ### [XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Delivers the teaching on the man of complete virtue and the love of learning. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) Responds to Tsze-kung's question and praises his insight. ### [Chapter XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) Expresses his concern about not knowing men, rather than being afflicted by men not knowing him. ### [Book II: Wei Chang](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-ii-wei-chang) Central figure, offering teachings on governance, filial piety, and learning. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) The Master delivers the opening teaching on virtue in government. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) The Master comments on the Book of Poetry, emphasizing its moral purity. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) The Master delivers a teaching on the superiority of leading the people by virtue and propriety over laws and punishments. ### [IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) The Master recounts his lifelong journey of self-cultivation and moral development. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) Defines filial piety as not being disobedient and explains the proper rites for serving parents. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Defines filial piety in terms of parental anxiety for their children's health. ### [VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) Explains that filial piety requires reverence, not just support. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) Explains that filial piety is primarily about the difficulty of maintaining a proper countenance, not just performing duties. ### [Chapter IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) The Master observes and evaluates his disciple's understanding. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) The Master delivers a teaching on how to discern a person's true character. ### [XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) The Master delivers a teaching on the value of learning and the qualifications of a teacher. ### [Chapter XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) The Master delivers a concise teaching on the nature of the accomplished scholar. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) Defines the superior man as one who acts before speaking and then speaks according to his actions. ### [XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) The Master delivers a concise aphorism on the nature of the superior man versus the mean man. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) Delivers a concise aphorism on the relationship between learning and thought. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) Warns against the study of strange doctrines. ### [Chapter XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) The Master imparts a lesson on the nature of knowledge. ### [Chapter XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Teaches the value of hearing much and being cautious in speech and action. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) Responds to Duke Âi's question about governance, emphasizing the importance of promoting the upright. ### [XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) Provides counsel on governance and virtue. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) Quotes the Shu-ching to explain that filial piety and brotherly duties constitute government. ### [XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) The Master speaks on the necessity of truthfulness for functioning in society. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) Explains that the regulations of successive dynasties can be known, and thus future affairs can be predicted. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) Delivers two moral maxims on flattery and courage. ### [Book III: Pa Yih](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-iii-pa-yih) Central figure; criticizes the Chî family's use of eight rows of pantomimes and the three families' use of the Yung ode, emphasizing the need for humanity in ritual. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Criticizes the head of the Chî family for overstepping ritual propriety. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) The Master criticizes the three families for their ritual impropriety. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) The Master speaks on the necessity of humaneness for ritual and music. ### [IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) Responds to Lin Fang's question, emphasizing the importance of sparingness in festive ceremonies and deep sorrow in mourning ceremonies over mere formalities. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) The Master speaks on the state of governance, lamenting that the great land lacks princes. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Criticizes the Chî family's improper sacrifice and expresses disappointment in Zǎn Yû's inability to stop it. ### [VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) The Master speaks on the conduct of the virtuous in contention, emphasizing propriety and the demeanor of the superior man. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) Explains the passage, affirming that ceremonies follow the plain ground, and praises Tsze-hsiâ for his insight. ### [IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) The Master speaks about the insufficiency of records in the states of Chî and Sung to attest his descriptions of ancient ceremonies. ### [Chapter X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) Expresses his unwillingness to witness the great sacrifice after the libation. ### [Chapter XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) Responds to a question about the great sacrifice, linking its meaning to the ease of governance. ### [Chapter XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Expresses the necessity of personal presence and sincerity in sacrificial rites. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) Responds that offending against Heaven leaves no one to pray to. ### [Chapter XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Expresses his admiration for the Châu dynasty's regulations and declares his intention to follow them. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) Asks about everything in the grand temple, showing that even the knowledgeable should seek understanding. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) The Master speaks on the true essence of archery, highlighting the importance of propriety over mere physical prowess. ### [Chapter XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Affirms his love for the ceremony itself, emphasizing the importance of maintaining ritual traditions. ### [Chapter XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) The Master comments on the perception of propriety in serving a prince. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) Responds to Duke Ting's question about the proper relationship between a prince and his ministers. ### [Chapter XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) The Master offers his commentary on the poem 'Kwan Tsü', highlighting the balance of emotions. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) Comments on the futility of speaking about what is done, remonstrating about what has had its course, and blaming what is past. ### [XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) Critiques Kwan Chung's understanding of propriety. ### [XXXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxii) Instructs the grand music-master of Lü on the proper way to play music. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) The Master, who receives the border warden and is likened to a bell with a wooden tongue, destined to spread truth and right. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) Evaluates the Shâo and Wû in terms of beauty and goodness. ### [XXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvi) Expresses disapproval of insincere conduct in high station, ceremonies, and mourning. ### [Book IV: Le Jin](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-iv-le-jin) Delivers teachings on virtue, propriety, and the superior man. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) The Master speaks on the value of virtuous manners in a neighborhood. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) Delivers a teaching on the nature of virtue and wisdom. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) The Master delivers a concise teaching on the necessity of virtue for proper love and hate. ### [IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) Teaches that a will set on virtue precludes wickedness. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) Teaches about the importance of virtue over material desires. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) The Master speaks on the rarity of true love for virtue and the sufficiency of strength for virtue. ### [Chapter VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) The Master speaks on the nature of faults and their connection to virtue. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) The Master delivers a concise teaching on the ultimate value of hearing the right way. ### [Chapter IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) Delivers a teaching on the proper attitude of a scholar towards material conditions. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) The Master articulates the principle of the superior man's flexibility and adherence to righteousness. ### [XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) Contrasts the superior man with the small man. ### [Chapter XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Delivers a moral admonition against self-serving conduct. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) The Master speaks on the necessity of propriety in governance. ### [XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Teaches the importance of self-improvement over seeking position or recognition. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) Declares his doctrine of all-pervading unity. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) Delivers a concise aphorism distinguishing the superior man from the mean man. ### [XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Delivers a concise teaching on moral self-improvement and introspection. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) Provides instruction on the proper attitude and conduct of a son towards his parents. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) Delivers a teaching on filial conduct regarding travel. ### [XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) Defines filial piety in terms of maintaining the father's path for three years. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) Delivers a teaching on the significance of remembering parents' ages. ### [XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) The Master speaks on the importance of aligning words with actions. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) Delivers a maxim on the virtue of caution. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) Delivers a concise teaching on the conduct of the superior man. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) Teaches that virtue naturally draws others, highlighting the communal aspect of moral life. ### [Book V: Kung-Ye Ch’ǎng](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-v-kung-ye-ch-ng) Central figure who assesses the virtue and abilities of his disciples and others, and shares his own ideals. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Arranges marriages for his daughter and niece based on his assessment of the disciples' characters. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) The Master remarks on Tsze-chien's superior virtue. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Evaluates Tsze-kung as a utensil, specifically a gemmed sacrificial utensil. ### [IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) The Master responds to a remark about Yung's virtue and lack of eloquence, emphasizing the superiority of virtue over verbal skill. ### [Chapter V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) Wishes Ch’î-tiâo K’âi to enter official employment and is pleased with his modest reply. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Expresses disillusionment with the lack of acceptance of his doctrines and considers withdrawing from the world. ### [Chapter VII: The Master's Comparison of Tsze-kung and Yen Hûi](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) The Master initiates the comparison and affirms Tsze-kung's assessment of Hûi's superiority. ### [Chapter IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) The Master expresses disappointment in Tsai Yü and reveals a change in his approach to evaluating others. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) Expresses his view on firmness and unbending character, and critiques Shǎn Ch’ǎng. ### [Chapter XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) Responds to Tsze-kung's statement, indicating that the ideal of reciprocity is not yet fully realized by him. ### [XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Implied as the Master whose deeper teachings are beyond ordinary hearing. ### [Chapter XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Explains that Kung-wǎn earned the title 'wǎn' through his active nature, love of learning, and humility in asking inferiors. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) The Master delivers a judgment on Tsze-ch’ân, highlighting the qualities of a superior man. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) Praises Yen P'ing-chung's consistent respect in friendship. ### [XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Criticizes Tsang Wan's lavish decoration of his house as lacking wisdom. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) Responds to Tsze-chang's inquiries, evaluating the loyalty and purity of the two ministers. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) The Master offers a concise judgment on Chî Wǎn's deliberative process. ### [Chapter XX: The Wisdom of Playing the Fool](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) The Master comments on the conduct of Ning Wû, illustrating the value of adapting one's behavior to circumstances. ### [Chapter XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) Expresses desire to return and criticizes his disciples' lack of self-restraint. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) Critiques Wei-shang Kâo's uprightness with a specific example. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) Expresses shame at insincere behavior, aligning with Tso Ch’iû-ming. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) The Master asks his disciples to share their wishes and then reveals his own, focusing on care for the aged, sincerity with friends, and tenderness toward the young. ### [XXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvi) Expresses lament over the lack of self-accusation among people. ### [XXVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvii) The Master speaks, comparing himself to others in a small hamlet, emphasizing his unique fondness for learning. ### [Book VI: Yung Yey](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-vi-yung-yey) Central figure, delivers teachings on virtue, learning, and propriety, and interacts with disciples. ### [Chapter I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Praises Yung's potential and approves Chung-kung's reasoning. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) Responds to Duke Âi, praising Yen Hûi's love of learning and lamenting his death. ### [Chapter III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) The Master instructs his disciples on proper conduct, showing disapproval of excessive gifts to the wealthy and approval of generosity that benefits the needy. ### [Chapter IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) The Master speaks about Chung-kung, using an analogy to highlight the importance of intrinsic qualities over external circumstances. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) The Master speaks, praising Hûi's virtue. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Evaluates the fitness of his disciples for government service. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) Visits the ill Po-niû and expresses grief over his condition. ### [Chapter IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) The Master expresses admiration for Hûi's virtue. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) The Master responds, encouraging Yen Ch’iû not to limit himself. ### [XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) The Master gives direct instruction to Tsze-hsiâ. ### [XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Inquires about the presence of good men in Tsze-yû's jurisdiction. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) Praises Mǎng Chih-fan's humility. ### [Chapter XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) The Master comments on the challenges of the present age, highlighting the importance of external qualities. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) The Master speaks, using the analogy of a door to illustrate the necessity of following the proper way. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) Expounds on the ideal balance between solid qualities and accomplishments. ### [XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Delivers a concise teaching on the importance of innate uprightness as the foundation of a proper life. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) Delivers a teaching on the hierarchy of attitudes toward truth. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) The Master speaks on the suitability of announcing the highest subjects to those above mediocrity. ### [XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) Defines wisdom and perfect virtue in response to Fan Ch'ih's questions. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) The Master delivers a concise aphorism distinguishing the nature of the wise from the virtuous. ### [XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) The Master comments on the potential for political and moral improvement in the states of Ch'î and Lû. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) Expresses dismay over the loss of ritual correctness. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) Clarifies the discernment of the superior man, distinguishing between being imposed upon and being fooled. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) Delivers the teaching on the superior man's conduct. ### [XXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvi) Visits Nan-tsze and swears an oath to reassure Tsze-lû of his propriety. ### [XXVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvii) Praises the Constant Mean as perfect virtue and observes its scarcity. ### [XXVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxviii) Defines the art of virtue as establishing and enlarging others, and judging by what is near in oneself. ### [Book VII: Shû R](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-vii-sh-r) Central figure throughout the chapter, sharing his philosophy on learning, virtue, and personal conduct. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) The Master speaks, defining his role as a transmitter of ancient traditions. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) The Master speaks, expressing humility about his own embodiment of learning and teaching. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) The Master voices his anxieties about the pursuit of virtue and learning. ### [Chapter IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) His manner is easy and pleased when unoccupied with business. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) Expresses his decay and the loss of his former visionary connection to the Duke of Châu. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) The Master delivers a concise teaching on the essential elements of self-cultivation. ### [VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) The Master affirms his inclusive approach to teaching, accepting all who come with earnestness. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) The Master articulates his pedagogical approach, stressing the importance of student eagerness and the ability to infer beyond the given. ### [IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) Demonstrates his reverence for mourning by moderating his eating and refraining from singing. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) Praises Yen Yüan and responds to Tsze-lû's question about military command. ### [XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) Expresses his pragmatic view on wealth and his commitment to following his passions. ### [Chapter XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) The Master is noted for his great caution regarding fasting, war, and sickness. ### [Chapter XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) The Master is deeply affected by the Shâo music, losing his sense of taste for three months. ### [XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Praises Po-î and Shû-ch'î as ancient worthies who acted virtuously without repining. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) Expresses his personal philosophy on joy and righteousness, valuing inner contentment over material wealth. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) Expresses a wish for additional years to study the Yî, aiming for moral perfection. ### [Chapter XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) The Master's frequent themes of discourse were the Odes, the History, and the maintenance of the Rules of Propriety. ### [XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) Describes himself as a man devoted to learning, forgetting food and sorrows, and unaware of aging. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) Confucius explains that his knowledge is not innate but derived from his love of antiquity and diligent pursuit of it. ### [XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) The Master is noted for refraining from discussing extraordinary things, feats of strength, disorder, and spiritual beings. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) The Master shares his method of learning from others. ### [XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) Declares that Heaven has produced virtue in him and that Hwan T'ui can do nothing to him. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) The Master speaks to his disciples, declaring he has no concealments and that his way is transparent. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) The Master, who taught four subjects. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) The Master speaks, lamenting the absence of sages and good men, and reflecting on the difficulty of constancy in those who pretend. ### [XXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvi) Shows restraint in fishing and hunting, exemplifying ethical conduct in everyday activities. ### [XXVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvii) The Master speaks on the nature of knowledge and action. ### [XXVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxviii) Explains his inclusive approach to teaching, accepting those who come with purified intentions regardless of their background or past. ### [XXIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxix) The Master speaks on the accessibility of virtue. ### [Chapter VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxx) Defends Duke Châo's knowledge of propriety and acknowledges his own errors. ### [XXXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxi) Demonstrates his appreciation for good singing by asking for a repeat and joining in. ### [XXXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxii) The Master reflects on his own limitations, distinguishing between scholarly attainment and the full realization of virtuous conduct. ### [XXXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxiii) Humbly disclaims sagehood, yet affirms his ceaseless striving and teaching. ### [XXXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxiv) The Master, gravely ill, responds to Tsze-lû's offer to pray, indicating that his life of virtue has been a long-standing prayer. ### [XXXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxv) The Master delivers a teaching on the dangers of extravagance and parsimony. ### [XXXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxvi) The Master delivers a concise aphorism on the disposition of the superior man versus the mean man. ### [XXXVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxvii) The Master's demeanor exemplifies the ideal balance of qualities. ### [Book VIII: T’âi-Po](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-viii-t-i-po) Delivers teachings on virtue, propriety, and the conduct of the superior man, and praises the ancient sage-kings. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Praises T’âi-po's virtuous action. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) The Master speaks on the importance of propriety in moderating virtues and the moral influence of superiors. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) The Master speaks on the role of Odes, Propriety, and Music in self-cultivation. ### [IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) The Master speaks on the nature of governance and the limitations of the people's understanding. ### [Chapter X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) The Master delivers a warning about the consequences of daring combined with poverty, and of excessive dislike for the unvirtuous. ### [XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) Delivers a saying on the importance of humility and generosity over mere talent. ### [Chapter XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Observes the difficulty of finding someone who studies for three years without becoming good. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) Delivers teachings on sincerity, learning, and proper conduct in governance. ### [XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) The Master delivers a concise principle regarding the scope of one's responsibilities. ### [Chapter XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) The Master comments on the musical performance of the Kwan Tsü. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) The Master comments on the incomprehensibility of certain flawed character types. ### [XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) The Master speaks on the attitude of a learner, highlighting the need for persistent effort and vigilance. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) The Master remarks on the majestic rule of Shun and Yü. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) Praises the virtue and majesty of Yâo. ### [XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) Comments on the scarcity of talents and praises the virtue of the house of Châu. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) The Master delivers a eulogy on Yü's flawless character. ### [Book IX: Tsze Han](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-ix-tsze-han) Central figure; discusses his own practices, learning, and principles. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) The Master, who seldom spoke on these topics. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) Responds to the villager's comment with a self-deprecating remark about practicing charioteering. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Expresses his views on ritual and propriety, favoring tradition in matters of respect. ### [IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) The Master is described as being free from four negative traits. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) Expresses his confidence in Heaven's protection and his role as the bearer of truth. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Hears the conversation and humbly explains his many abilities as stemming from his lowly youth, not as a necessity for the superior man. ### [VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) The Master disclaims possessing knowledge and describes his method of exhaustively explaining matters to inquirers. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) Expresses despair over the absence of auspicious signs and the end of his hopes. ### [Chapter IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) Shows respect for mourning, formal dress, and the blind. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) Praised by Yen Yüan for his orderly method of leading students and for teaching learning and propriety. ### [Chapter XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) Ill and critical of Tsze-lû's deceitful arrangement of ministers. ### [XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Advises Tsze-kung to sell the gem but wait for the right buyer, indicating that one should offer their abilities but not compromise their principles. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) Expresses desire to live among the nine wild tribes and asserts the transformative power of a superior man. ### [XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) The Master returns from Wei to Lû and reforms the music. ### [Chapter XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) The Master humbly questions his own attainment of key virtues. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) The Master, standing by a stream, remarks on the ceaseless passage of time. ### [XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Expresses disappointment at the lack of love for virtue compared to beauty. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) The Master speaks on the nature of learning and personal effort. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) The Master expresses admiration for Yen Hûi's tireless engagement with his teachings. ### [XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) Expresses lament and admiration for Yen Yüan's dedication to self-improvement. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) The Master speaks on the theme of incomplete development. ### [XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) Delivers a teaching on the respect due to youth and the importance of early achievement. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) Delivers teaching on the value of reforming conduct and unfolding aims in response to admonition and advice. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) Delivers teachings on faithfulness, friendship, and self-improvement. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) Delivers a saying about the unbreakable will of a common man. ### [XXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvi) Praises Tsze-lû's lack of shame in poverty and lack of envy, but notes these are insufficient for perfect excellence. ### [XXVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvii) Delivers a metaphorical teaching on resilience and character. ### [XXVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxviii) The Master delivers a concise aphorism on the qualities of wisdom, virtue, and boldness. ### [XXIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxix) The Master shares his observations on the limitations of companionship in learning and moral development. ### [The Aspen-Plum](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxx) The Master interprets the poem, teaching that distance is overcome by thought. ### [Book X: Heang Tang](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-x-heang-tang) Central figure; his behaviors in village, court, temple, and daily life are described in detail. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Shows contrasting demeanor in village vs. formal settings. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) Observed at court, speaking with different grades of officers and with the ruler present. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Displays meticulous observance of ritual propriety in receiving a visitor, adjusting his posture and attire, and reporting to the prince. ### [Chapter IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) Demonstrates extreme care and reverence in his physical comportment within the palace, embodying ritual propriety. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) Depicted in ceremonial role, showing reverence and propriety. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) The Master's meticulous attention to dress codes illustrates his commitment to ritual propriety in daily life. ### [Chapter VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) Described as observing fasting rituals with meticulous care, ensuring cleanliness and proper conduct. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) His detailed dietary practices and respectful demeanor during meals are described. ### [Chapter IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) Demonstrates his commitment to propriety by refusing to sit on an unstraight mat. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) Observed participating in village customs with propriety, leaving after the elders and wearing court robes during the pestilence ceremony. ### [Chapter XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) Demonstrates ritual propriety in sending inquiries and receiving gifts, showing caution with unfamiliar medicine. ### [XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Shows concern for human life over property when the stable burns down. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) Shows proper conduct in receiving gifts, attending the prince, and responding to summons. ### [Chapter XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Enters the ancestral temple and asks about everything, showing his dedication to learning and ritual propriety. ### [Chapter XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) Demonstrates his sense of duty and ritual propriety in friendship and gift-giving. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) His behavior in bed, at home, and in response to mourning dress, formal attire, and natural events is detailed. ### [XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Demonstrates proper carriage etiquette, standing straight while holding the cord and maintaining a composed posture while riding. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) Observes the hen-pheasant and comments on its season. ### [Book XI: Hsien Tsin](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-xi-hsien-tsin) Central figure, offering judgments on his disciples and expressing grief over Yen Hûi's death. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Expresses his preference for the simple ceremonies and music of former times over the refined practices of his own day. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) The Master, reflecting on his disciples and their virtues. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Confucius expresses a subtle lament about Hûi's uncritical acceptance. ### [Chapter V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) Gave his elder brother's daughter to Nan Yung in marriage, showing his approval of Nan Yung's character. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Responds to Chî K’ang's question about disciples who loved to learn. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) Mourns the death of Yen Yüan, feeling that Heaven is destroying him. ### [Chapter IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) Expresses intense grief over the death of Yen Yüan, justifying his excessive mourning. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) He forbids the grand funeral but is overruled by his disciples. ### [Chapter XI: On Serving Spirits and Knowing Life](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) Answers with a focus on the living and the known, redirecting metaphysical questions to practical ethics. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) Praises Min Tsze-ch'ien for his rare but precise speech. ### [XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Criticizes Tsze-lû's lute playing, then defends his progress. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) Teaches the importance of the due mean, correcting Tsze-kung's assumption. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) Expresses disapproval of Ch’iû's actions, disowning him as a disciple. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) Defines the good man as one who does not tread in others' footsteps nor enters the sage's chamber. ### [XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) The Master questions the authenticity of apparent solidity and sincerity in a man's discourse. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) Provides tailored advice based on each disciple's character, demonstrating his pedagogical approach. ### [XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) Expresses fear for Yen Yüan's safety after being separated in K'wang. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) Defines the qualities of a great minister versus an ordinary minister. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) Criticizes Tsze-lû's appointment and expresses his dislike for glib-tongued people who undervalue learning. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) Asks his disciples about their aspirations and comments on their responses, approving Tsǎng Hsî's humble and harmonious wish. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Defines perfect virtue as subduing oneself and returning to propriety, and details the steps of the process. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) Provides the definition of perfect virtue, emphasizing respect, reciprocity, and blameless conduct. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Defines perfect virtue as cautious and slow speech, linking speech to the difficulty of action. ### [IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) Defines the superior man as one without anxiety or fear, grounded in self-examination. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Defines intelligence and farseeing as being impervious to slander and startling statements. ### [Chapter VII: On Government and Trust](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) Explains the essentials of government, emphasizing the people's confidence as most vital. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) Responds with guidance on faithfulness, sincerity, and the nature of delusion. ### [XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) Explains the principle of proper role fulfillment in government. ### [Chapter XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Praises Tsze-lû's decisiveness and integrity. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) The Master speaks on the purpose of governance and the ideal of a society without litigation. ### [XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Provides guidance on governance, emphasizing diligence and consistency. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) Teaches the value of extensive study and adherence to propriety. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) Defines the superior man's conduct in relation to others. ### [XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Defines governance as rectification, emphasizing the leader's role in setting a correct example. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) Advises that the ruler's freedom from covetousness would naturally deter theft. ### [Chapter XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) Responds to Chî K’ang's question about government, advocating for virtuous leadership over punishment. ### [XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) Explains the difference between true distinction and mere notoriety, emphasizing righteousness and humility. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) Answers Fan Ch'ih's questions on virtue, evil, and delusion. ### [XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) Defines benevolence as loving all men and knowledge as knowing all men, and explains the principle of employing the upright. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) Provides guidance on friendship. ### [Chapter I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Provides instruction on governance, emphasizing example and perseverance. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) Provides counsel on employing officers and promoting virtue and talent. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Explains the necessity of rectifying names and the consequences of incorrect language. ### [IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) Responds to Fan Ch’ih's request and delivers a discourse on the superior man's priorities. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) The Master speaks on the practical use of learning. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Delivers a teaching on the power of personal conduct in governance. ### [VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) The Master makes a brief observation about the governments of Lû and Wei. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) Comments on Ching's financial prudence. ### [Chapter IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) Advises enriching the people and then teaching them. ### [Chapter X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) The Master speaks of his capability to govern and perfect a state. ### [XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) The Master speaks on the long-term effects of virtuous governance. ### [Chapter XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Speaks on the time required for virtue to prevail under a royal ruler. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) Delivers a teaching on the importance of self-rectification for those in government. ### [XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Questions Zan about the nature of court business, asserting his continued relevance in governance. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) Responds to Duke Ting's questions about the power of a single sentence to affect a country's fate. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) Provides the definition of good government ### [Chapter XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Provides guidance on governance, emphasizing patience and long-term vision. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) Responds to the Duke of Sheh, defining uprightness as the mutual concealment of misconduct between father and son. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) Defines perfect virtue as a combination of gravity, reverence, and sincerity. ### [XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) Defines the ranks of officers, emphasizing shame, filial piety, fraternal respect, and sincerity, while dismissing current officials. ### [Chapter XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) The Master speaks on the challenge of finding students who embody the ideal of the due medium, and his willingness to teach those with ardent or cautious dispositions. ### [XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) Quotes a southern saying and warns against inconstancy in virtue. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) Delivers a concise teaching on the demeanor of the superior man versus the mean man. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) Responds that universal approval or disapproval is insufficient; the judgment of the good and bad is more telling. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) Delivers the teaching on the superior man and the mean man. ### [XXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvi) Delivers a concise aphorism contrasting the demeanor of the superior man and the mean man. ### [XXVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvii) The Master defines the attributes that approximate virtue. ### [XXVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxviii) Defines the qualities of a scholar. ### [XXIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxix) Speaker of the teaching on the effects of good governance and preparation for war. ### [Chapter XXX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxx) Warns against leading uninstructed people to war. ### [Book XIV: Hsien Wǎn](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-xiv-hsien-w-n) Central figure, offering teachings on shame, virtue, and the superior man. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) The Master defines shame as being preoccupied with salary irrespective of good or bad governance. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) The Master responds to a statement about repressing negative qualities, distinguishing between difficult achievement and perfect virtue. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Delivers a maxim on the unworthiness of a comfort-loving scholar. ### [IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) The Master speaks on the appropriate demeanor of language and action under good and bad government. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) The Master delivers a teaching on virtue and speech, and on principle and boldness. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Remains silent in response to Nan-kung Kwo's question but later praises him as a superior man who esteems virtue. ### [VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) The Master delivers a reflection on virtue and the character of superior and mean men. ### [Chapter VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) The Master speaks on the nature of love and loyalty. ### [Chapter IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) The Master who describes the process of preparing governmental notifications. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) The Master offers his assessments of Tsze-ch’ân, Tsze-hsî, and Kwan Chung. ### [XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) The Master offers a reflection on the relative difficulty of poverty and wealth. ### [Chapter XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Assesses Mǎng Kung-ch’o's fitness for official roles. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) Defines the complete man, first with ideal qualities and then with practical virtues. ### [Chapter XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Asks about Kung-shû Wǎn's conduct and confirms the explanation. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) Comments on Tsǎng Wû-chung's actions, expressing his judgment. ### [Chapter XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Defends Kwan Chung, emphasizing his beneficence. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) Defends Kwan Chung, emphasizing his great contributions over personal fidelity. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) The Master comments on Hsien's conduct, praising him as accomplished. ### [Chapter XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) Explains why Duke Ling of Wei does not lose his state, citing the competence of his ministers. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) Teaches the importance of modesty in speech. ### [XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) Takes ritual purification and reports the murder to the duke, urging punishment, and then informs the chiefs of the three families. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) Provides guidance on serving a ruler. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) The Master delivers a concise aphorism on the divergent paths of the superior and mean man. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) The Master delivers a critique on the purpose of learning. ### [XXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvi) Receives the messenger and questions him about Chü Po-yü's activities, then praises the messenger's reply. ### [Chapter XXVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvii) Delivers a saying about the limits of responsibility based on office. ### [XXIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxix) Delivers a maxim on the superior man's conduct. ### [The Way of the Superior Man](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxx) Humbly disclaims equality with the ideal of the superior man, yet his disciple sees the qualities in him. ### [XXXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxi) Criticizes Tsze-kung's habit of comparing men, indicating that he himself does not have leisure for this. ### [XXXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxii) Expresses his concern for his own ability rather than being known by others. ### [XXXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxiii) The Master speaks on the qualities of the superior man. ### [XXXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxiv) Defends his conduct against accusations of being an insinuating talker, expressing his hatred of obstinacy. ### [XXXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxv) The Master offers a brief but profound analogy about the nature of true quality. ### [XXXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxvi) The Master responds to a question about recompensing injury with kindness, advocating justice for injury and kindness for kindness. ### [XXXVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxvii) Expresses his sense of isolation and clarifies that his purpose is understood only by Heaven. ### [XXXVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxviii) Responds with a fatalistic view, attributing the advancement or decline of his principles to fate. ### [XXXIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxix) The Master explains the different circumstances under which worthy men withdraw from the world or from service. ### [XL](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xl) The Master identifies seven men who have withdrawn from the world. ### [XLI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xli) Referred to as Mr. K’ung; noted for knowing the impracticable nature of the times yet continuing his efforts. ### [XLII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xlii) Playing a musical stone in Wei, he responds to a critic's remarks about his persistence. ### [XLIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xliii) Explains that the three-year silence during mourning was a custom of all ancient sovereigns, not just Kâo-tsung. ### [XLIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xliv) Teaches that rulers who love propriety inspire willing service from the people. ### [XLV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xlv) Defines the superior man as one who cultivates himself to bring rest to others and all people. ### [XLVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xlvi) The Master admonishes Yüan Zang for his lack of humility and virtue. ### [XLVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xlvii) Observes the youth's behavior and criticizes his lack of humility and eagerness for status. ### [Book XV: Wei Ling Kung](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-xv-wei-ling-kung) Central figure; responds to questions and delivers teachings on virtue, governance, and the superior man. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Declines to discuss military tactics with the Duke Ling of Wei, stating he has only learned about sacrificial vessels. Later, he teaches Tsze-lû about the superior man's endurance of want. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) The Master reveals the unifying principle behind his learning. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Speaks to Yû about the rarity of those who know virtue. ### [Chapter IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) The Master presents Shun as the ideal ruler who governs through dignified inaction. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) Advises Tsze-chang on the importance of sincere words and honourable actions for being appreciated everywhere. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Praises the qualities of Yû and Chü Po-yü. ### [VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) Delivers a teaching on the wisdom of knowing when to speak. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) Delivers a maxim on the priority of virtue over life. ### [Chapter IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) Provides guidance on virtue, emphasizing preparation and association with the worthy. ### [X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) Provides guidance on governance, emphasizing the use of ancient customs and the rejection of corrupting influences. ### [XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) Delivers a proverb-like warning about foresight. ### [Chapter XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Expresses his lament that he has not seen one who loves virtue as he loves beauty. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) The Master delivers a critique of Tsang Wǎn's failure to advance a worthy individual. ### [XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Delivers a maxim on self-requirement and leniency toward others. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) The Master speaks on the necessity of habitual self-questioning for learning. ### [Chapter XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) The Master delivers a critical observation on the futility of idle talk and petty shrewdness. ### [XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Defines the qualities of the superior man. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) Teaches about the superior man's focus on self-improvement rather than seeking recognition. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) The Master expresses the superior man's desire for a lasting reputation. ### [XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) Delivers a concise aphorism on the inward focus of the superior man versus the outward focus of the mean man. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) Defines the demeanor of the superior man. ### [Chapter XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) Delivers a maxim on the impartial judgment of words and people. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) Provides the principle of reciprocity as the lifelong rule. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) The Master speaks about his method of evaluating others, emphasizing propriety in praise and blame. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) The Master laments the loss of scholarly honesty and communal generosity in his time. ### [XXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvi) Delivers a concise warning on the dangers of specious words and impatience. ### [XXVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvii) The Master speaks on the necessity of examining cases when a man is hated or liked by the multitude. ### [XXVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxviii) The Master speaks on the relationship between a person and the principles they follow. ### [XXIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxix) Teaches about the necessity of reforming faults. ### [The Value of Learning over Mere Thinking](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxx) The Master shares his personal experience that thinking alone is useless, advocating for learning as the superior path. ### [XXXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxi) Delivers a teaching on the superior man's focus on truth over material concerns. ### [XXXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxii) The Master delivers a discourse on the interplay of knowledge, virtue, dignity, and propriety in governance. ### [XXXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxiii) The Master delivers a teaching on the nature of the superior man versus the small man. ### [XXXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxiv) The Master speaks on the value of virtue. ### [XXXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxv) Stresses the personal duty of every individual to cultivate virtue. ### [XXXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxvi) Defines the superior man's firmness as correct and principled. ### [XXXVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxvii) The Master delivers a teaching on the proper attitude of a minister towards his prince, prioritizing duty over salary. ### [Chapter XXXVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxviii) The Master declares that teaching should not discriminate between classes. ### [Chapter XXXIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxxix) Delivers a concise aphorism on the incompatibility of divergent courses. ### [XL](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xl) States that language's sole requirement is to convey meaning. ### [XLI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xli) Guides the blind music-master with detailed instructions, exemplifying ritual propriety. ### [Book XVI: Ke She](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-xvi-ke-she) Central figure delivering teachings on governance, friendship, self-cultivation, and propriety. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Criticizes his disciples for failing to guide their chief properly and advocates for cultivating virtue to attract distant peoples. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) Central speaker, outlining the consequences of good versus bad government on the distribution of power. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Comments on the political decline and the shift of power. ### [Chapter IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) The Master imparts wisdom on the nature of advantageous and injurious friendships. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) Delivers the teaching on beneficial and harmful enjoyments. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) The Master delivers a teaching on proper conduct in the presence of a superior. ### [VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) Delivers the teaching on the three things to guard against. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) Teaches the distinction between the superior man and the mean man in their attitudes toward Heaven, great men, and sages. ### [IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) Classifies men by their innate or acquired knowledge, placing those who learn above those who do not. ### [Chapter X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) Delivers the teaching on the nine considerations of the superior man. ### [Chapter XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) The Master speaks, observing the scarcity of those who pursue good and avoid evil, and the even greater rarity of those who live in retirement to study and practice righteousness. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) Emphasizes the necessity of learning the Odes and the rules of Propriety to his son Po-yü. ### [Book XVII: Yang Ho](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-xvii-yang-ho) Central figure throughout; discusses governance, learning, virtue, and propriety. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Avoids Yang Ho's summons but ultimately agrees to enter office after being challenged. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) The Master delivers a concise observation on the role of practice in shaping human character. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Delivers a statement on the unchangeable nature of the highest wise and lowest stupid. ### [Chapter IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) Visits Wû-ch’ǎng, hears music, and engages in playful exchange with Tsze-yû. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) Inclined to accept the invitation from the rebellious Kung-shan Fû-zâo, seeing a potential opportunity to restore the ways of the eastern Châu. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Defines perfect virtue as the practice of five qualities: gravity, generosity, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness. ### [Chapter VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) Inclined to accept Pî Hsî's invitation, defends his integrity with metaphors. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) Teaches Yû about the six becloudings that arise from loving virtues without learning. ### [Chapter IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) The Master exhorts his disciples to study the Odes, detailing their practical and moral uses. ### [Chapter X](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/x) The Master instructs his son on the importance of studying the odes. ### [Chapter XI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xi) The Master speaks, challenging the common perception of propriety and music as mere external trappings. ### [Chapter XII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xii) Delivers a moral judgment on hypocrisy and inner weakness. ### [XIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiii) Delivers a sharp critique of village conformists as thieves of virtue. ### [XIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xiv) Warns against the careless repetition of hearsay, stating it casts away virtue. ### [XV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xv) The Master delivers a critique of mean creatures in service to a prince. ### [XVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvi) The Master reflects on the changing nature of human failings, contrasting the virtues of antiquity with the degeneracy of his own time. ### [Chapter XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) Delivers a cautionary statement about the incompatibility of flattering speech and virtue. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) Expresses his hatred for corrupting influences that undermine virtue and propriety. ### [XIX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xix) Expresses a preference for not speaking, using Heaven's silent operation as a model. ### [XX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xx) Declines to see Zû Pei on the pretext of sickness, but then plays and sings so that Zû Pei hears him, showing his deliberate action. ### [XXI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxi) Defends the three-year mourning period, linking it to the natural bond between parent and child, and criticizes Tsâi Wo's lack of virtue. ### [Chapter XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) Expresses disapproval of idle indulgence and suggests that even games are better than doing nothing. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) Explains that righteousness is of highest importance, and valour without it leads to negative outcomes. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) Explains the hatreds of the superior man, condemning those who proclaim evil, slander superiors, lack propriety, or have contracted understanding. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) Offers a practical observation on the challenges of managing relationships with those of lower status. ### [XXVI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxvi) Delivers a maxim on the permanence of character by age forty. ### [Book XVIII: Wei Tsze](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-xviii-wei-tsze) Central figure; discusses recluses, engages with them, and articulates his philosophy on taking office and performing righteous duties. ### [I](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/i) Acknowledges the three men of virtue of the Yin dynasty. ### [Chapter III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) The subject of Duke Ching's deliberation; he departs upon hearing the Duke's refusal to use his doctrines. ### [Chapter IV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iv) Departs from Lû after the ruler neglects court for three days due to the gift of female musicians. ### [V](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/v) Alights to converse with Chieh-yü but is rebuffed. ### [VI](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vi) Passes by the field and sends Tsze-lû to inquire for the ford; reflects on the impossibility of withdrawing from human society. ### [VII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/vii) Identifies the old man as a recluse and sends Tsze-lû back to see him. ### [VIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/viii) Evaluates the conduct of various recluses and declares his own flexible approach. ### [IX](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ix) Implied observer of the musicians' departure, reflecting on the state of ritual music. ### [Chapter XVII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xvii) His teaching on mourning is quoted by Tsǎng. ### [Chapter XVIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xviii) His teaching is cited regarding filial piety. ### [XXII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxii) Referred to as Chung-nî, his learning is the subject of the dialogue, with Tsze-kung defending his ability to learn from all. ### [XXIII](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiii) Referred to as 'my Master' and 'Chung-nî'; his depth and virtue are likened to a high wall hiding an ancestral temple. ### [XXIV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxiv) Referred to as Chung-nî, the sage whose virtue is unassailable. ### [XXV](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/xxv) Praised by Tsze-kung as a sage whose rule would bring harmony and prosperity. ### [Yâo Yüeh](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/book-xx-y-o-y-eh) The Master instructs Tsze-chang on the principles of good government, outlining the five excellent and four bad things, and concludes with the necessity of knowing Heaven's ordinances, propriety, and words. ### [II](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/ii) The Master explains the five excellent things and four bad things in governance. ### [III](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/chapters/iii) Delivers teachings on the importance of Heaven's ordinances, propriety, and the power of words. ## Links - HTML: https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/characters/confucius - Book: https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se - All characters: https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/analects_se/characters