A Pluralistic Universe · Question
How does A Pluralistic Universe develop the theme of Temperament in Philosophy?
Answer
A Pluralistic Universe by William James develops Temperament in Philosophy across the chapters the companion marks for this theme.
Suggests that philosophical systems are often shaped by the personal vision and temperament of the philosopher, rather than being purely logical necessities.
James frames the entire lecture around the opposition between the 'sympathetic' and 'cynical' temperaments, which he argues underlie materialistic and spiritualistic philosophies.
James notes the aesthetic appeal of monistic systems ('clean and intellectual') versus the 'turbid, muddled, gothic' appearance of pluralism, highlighting temperamental preferences in philosophical choices.
James contrasts the 'thin' temperament of transcendentalists with the 'thick' temperament of Fechner, suggesting that philosophical systems reflect the personal vision and passion of their authors.
Evidence in the book
- Lecture I: The Types of Philosophic Thinking
James frames the entire lecture around the opposition between the 'sympathetic' and 'cynical' temperaments, which he argues underlie materialistic and spiritualistic philosophies.
- Lecture II: Monistic Idealism
James notes the aesthetic appeal of monistic systems ('clean and intellectual') versus the 'turbid, muddled, gothic' appearance of pluralism, highlighting temperamental preferences in philosophical choices.
- Lecture IV: Concerning Fechner
James contrasts the 'thin' temperament of transcendentalists with the 'thick' temperament of Fechner, suggesting that philosophical systems reflect the personal vision and passion of their authors.
- Lecture VIII: Conclusions
James highlights that one's general vision and sense of rationality decide between pluralism and monism, illustrating the 'will to believe' and the 'faith-ladder' as non-logical but decisive factors.
- II
The contrast between rationalist and naturalist/pragmatist temperaments is central: rationalists see intellectual understanding as an absolute end, while naturalists see it as a practical tool that must return to concrete experience.
- V
James characterizes Bradley's insistence on internal relations as an 'absolutistically tempered understanding,' suggesting that philosophical positions are influenced by intellectual temperament.
- Appendix B: The Experience of Activity
James contrasts the empirical way of thinking with the metaphysical 'grubbing' approach, suggesting that philosophical temperament determines whether one seeks causality in experience or in abstract principles.
- Endnotes
The note on Bergson's philosophy highlights a shift in practical attitude, reflecting philosophical temperament.
