# A Pluralistic Universe — Character guide

> Key figures in A Pluralistic Universe by William James.

- [Gustav Theodor Fechner](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/gustav_theodor_fechner.md): Fechner barely registers with English readers, yet James treats him as the coming influence, the thinker whose intense concreteness fills him with admiration. Against the shiveringly thin wrappings of transcendental idea
- [Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/hegel.md): Hegel saw a real dialectic movement in things, and James grants that, taken in the rough, he is not only harmless but accurate. His originality lay in transporting the process from the sphere of percepts to that of conce
- [Henri Bergson](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/henri_bergson.md): Bergson insists that concepts yield only static relations — maps of positions, eternal truths of comparison — and never touch the world of causal and dynamic relations, of activity and history. James agrees, and uses him
- [F. H. Bradley](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/f_h_bradley.md): Bradley defines his desired intellectual transitions only negatively — not spatial, temporal, predicative, causal, or relational — and his nearest approach to describing them suggests nothing but the conflux pure experie
- [Immanuel Kant](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/immanuel_kant.md): Kant's unity of apperception — the fact that to be counted in experience a thing must be witnessed — gets transformed by his successors into a living spirit of the world, and hence into a monism of a devout kind. James u
- [Josiah Royce](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/josiah_royce.md): Royce appears in these lectures as a philosopher of continuity and absolute truth, quoted on 'loyalty to loyalty' and on truth at large as a momentous issue against the poor scraps of true particulars. He is also one of 
- [Hermann Lotze](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/hermann_lotze.md): German philosopher whose work on pluralism and continuity is discussed.
- [T. H. Green](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/t_h_green.md): British idealist philosopher whose monistic views are referenced.
- [David Hume](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/david_hume.md): Scottish empiricist philosopher whose ideas on experience are invoked.
- [John McTaggart](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/john_mctaggart.md): British idealist philosopher whose arguments on time and reality are cited.
- [Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/gottfried_wilhelm_leibniz.md): German philosopher whose monadology is discussed in relation to pluralism.
- [Charles Sanders Peirce](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/charles_sanders_peirce.md): American philosopher and logician, founder of pragmatism, cited by James.
- [Zeno of Elea](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/zeno_of_elea.md): Ancient Greek philosopher known for paradoxes about motion and plurality.
- [Achilles](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/achilles.md): Mythological Greek hero used in Zeno's paradox of the tortoise.
- [John Stuart Mill](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/john_stuart_mill.md): British empiricist philosopher whose logic and metaphysics are referenced.
- [James Ward](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/james_ward.md): British psychologist and philosopher, referenced in pluralistic contexts.
- [Socrates](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/socrates.md): Ancient Greek philosopher, used as an example in philosophical discussion.
- [Baruch Spinoza](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/baruch_spinoza.md): Dutch rationalist philosopher whose monism is discussed.
- [Samuel Bailey](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/samuel_bailey.md): British philosopher and economist, cited in a specific argument.
- [Aristotle](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/aristotle.md): Ancient Greek philosopher, foundational figure in Western thought.
- [Henry Jones](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/henry_jones.md): Scottish philosopher, cited in discussions of idealism.
- [Plato](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/plato.md): Ancient Greek philosopher, foundational figure in idealist tradition.
- [John Locke](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/john_locke.md): British empiricist philosopher, criticized for his view of substance.
- [William Wallace](https://www.betterreads.dev/discover/a_pluralistic_universe_se/characters/william_wallace.md): British philosopher and translator of Hegel, referenced.

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